The Role of the Nativity in Magi and Carol of the Brown King :: Magi Carol Brown King Essays

The Role of the Nativity in Magi and chirrup of the Brown King What were the Three Wise Men searching for when they followed the north-central Star? They were obviously seeking the Christ child, but they were also searching for the truth and righteousness that he represents. Sylvia Plath in her poem Magi and Langston Hughes in his poem Carol of the Brown King discuss the merit of their respective minority groups through allusions to the nativity. Plath uses the journey to discuss both the ignorance of philosophers quest for the truth and its neglect of females, and Hughes uses the righteousness of the nativity to emphasize the importance of blacks. Plaths poem Magi ridicules the intellectuals theory-based search for truth They mistake their star, these papery godfolk (15). Instead of searching for the meaning to life through living, they seek it in inanimate books. Plath says of the abstracts, Theyre the real thing, all right the Good, the True, howalways, her other references t o them are contradictory, indicating that this is mockery (6). When she remarks that they hover like dull angels, she explains that they are not spoiled with anything so double-dyed(a) as a nose or an eye, and yet, what is a face without features (1-2)? These abstracts are pure as boiled water, loveless as the multiplication table, but how could something so lifeless describe life (8)? By describing the dullness of the abstracts, Plath indicates their unsuitability to guide the search for truth. While the abstracts lead the papery godfolk to the crib of some lamp-headed Plato, Plath leads her readers to the crib of a baby girl (16). While the abstracts are pure as boiled water the infant is also pure the heavy notion of Evil tending her cot is less than a belly ache (7,13). However, although the theory-filled abstracts are loveless as the multiplication table, the child is nourished by Love the mother of milk, no theory (8,14). The abstracts truth is founded in theory the babys t ruth is founded in love. Plath is content that the papery godfolk do not seek the crib of her baby girl. What girl ever flourished in such company? (18). This question attacks the male-dominated hierarchy in which no women of her time prospered. The main message of Plaths poem is that we learn truth in the shoal of life, but why did she use a baby girl instead of a boy?

Review of an Ecological Science Research Article from a Primary Scientific Source :: essays research papers

Powell, K., 2005. Fish parenting, Eat your Veg, Nature, 426, 378-379.The article that I chose to review discussed the possibility of maintaining and sustaining aquaculture by changing the diets of the farmed tip. The idea of carnivorous fish turning into vegetarians would help for future sustentation of aquaculture. There were pros and cons to either side of vegetarianism and the maintaining of carnivores. There are issues that would require research and analysis to which the author points appear to the reader. Aquaculture has increased by 5% over the past 10 years. The wild stock of fish that is caught to feed the fish farms has numbered 11 million tons, which is 12 % of the fall fish hauled from the sea each year. Carp and tilapia are the most farmed fish in the industry that already are consisting of a vegetarian type diet. pinkish-orange and trout are the next largest farmed fish. The difference is that the salmon and trout are carnivores. The author reports that the carniv orous fish are more expensive to cultivate and more resources are mandatory to maintain these types of farmed fish.Most farmed fish are fed on a diet that consists gr squanderly of fish crude oil and fishmeal. Fishmeal is made from a protein rich powderise of ground up cheap fish as a source of nutrients and proteins. The problem with using these within the farm diet is that the demand for the fish oil will overpower the supply as aquaculture expands and booms. The author states that the demand will outstrip supply of oil by 2010. (Powell).Feed companies which supply the fish farms with fishmeal and fish oil as a staple to the diet of the carnivorous fish will seek different sources of protein. This protein could possibly come from larger fish much(prenominal) as mackerel, herring, and blue whiting. If this happens it would put more pressure on the natural stock already being harvested for other purposes. Some companies are traveling to the Antarctic to collect krill, which has repercussions for the bottom of the food chain in that the ocean itself is a primordial web of life. The author boosts that the fish will be able to eat Soya beans, corn, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, and wheat gluten if converted to a vegetarian diet. The author also reports that some salmon farms already use these foods as staples in their fish farm diets.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Student Essay

vigilance Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the StudentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common obstacles that some students face in the process of learning. ADHD is often confused with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). It is genuinely important to understand the difference between ADHD and ADD. It is to a fault very important to understand the symptoms and behaviors associated with ADHD, as well as the causes and discussions available. After a complete understanding of the basics of ADHD, a closer look at the pedagogy system is inhering. The education of children relies on the teachers knowledge of ADHD, as well as parent student teacher relationships. There are also some important teaching tips that teacher can utilize in their teaching experiences of ADHD students. ADHD versus ADDThere is one very lucid difference between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Attention Deficit Disorder ( ADD) is no longer the correct edgeinology. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has replaced Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) based on the fact that no two cases are alike. The medical professionals now use the term ADD to describe a set of symptoms and behaviors that are associated with ADHD, but these symptoms are not exclusive to ADHD. With the understanding that ADD is no longer correct terminology, it is essential to understand the symptoms and behaviors that were associated with ADD, and how they relate to ADHD. Symptoms and BehaviorsWith five percent of the children in the world affected by ADHD to some degree, there is much variance in the cruelness and occurrence of symptoms and behaviors (Zeigler Dendy, 2000, Teachin... ...de Web http//www.add.org Department of Education (2002, August). IDEA97 Individuals with disabilities educational act amendments of 1997. Retrieved March 23, 2003 from the World Wide Web http//www.ed.gov/offices/OSERS/IDEA Glock, M., J ensen, P., and Cooper, J. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Retrieved March 23, 2003 from the World Wide Web http//odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/cons/110/110_statement.htm White, T. (2003, April). CHADD Children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from the World Wide Web http//www.chadd.org Educational dictionary Mosbys Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary (1998). Edition 5. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. Retrieved April 2, 2003 from Infotrac Towson University Health Reference Center-Academic an online database.

turning women into leaders :: essays research papers

The evident under-representation of women in physics has broad implications, particularly for industries and political science agencies that need technically educated staff. Quite simply, the global scientific workforce is failing to use a large fraction of its talent pool. The shortage of young-bearing(prenominal) physicists in academia exacerbates the situation, in that female students lack role models in the field. Of course, the nature and magnitude of the problem varies from country to country. But what is remarkably consistent is that the fate of women in physics in all countries decreases markedly with each step up the academic ladder and with each level of promotion in industrial and national laboratories. The result is a dearth of women among physicists in leadership positions worldwide. Women are also poorly represented among physicists in decision-making roles in top research institutes, championship agencies, professional societies and government. Yet women who do re ach these top positions seem to command as much respect as their male peers - and sometimes even more. So how has this situation arisen? In her book Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women (1998 MIT Press), the psychologist Virginia Valian discusses the roles of what she calls "gender schemas" and "the accumulation of payoff and disadvantage". As she writes "A set of implicit, or nonconscious, hypotheses about sex differences plays a central role in shaping men and womens professional lives. These hypotheses, which I call gender schemas, affect our expectations of men and women, our evaluations of their work, and their functioning as professionals." Valian argues that small differences in the evaluation and treatment of men and women hold up the glass ceiling. "A useful concept in sociology is the accumulation of advantage and disadvantage. It suggests that, like interest on capital, advantages accrue, and that, like interest on debt, disadvantages also a ccumulate. Very small differences in treatment can, as they pile up, result in large disparities in salary, promotion and prestige." It may sound like a tautology, but the way to encourage women in physics is to have more women. much women means more female peers, more female role models, more mentors and more networks. In my own career of more than 40 years in academia and government, I have observed that the greater the number of women in a department or laboratory, the better they tend to fare - because, as Valian points out, "they are less likely to be perceived in terms of their gender and more in terms of their qualifications".

Same Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay -- Homosexual Couples Should H

Marriage is the sacred bond between two people who love and c be for one another. Traditionally this bond has been held between man and woman. With so many changes in the world, there are more openly homosexual people in our society. Though people have become more accepting of the existence of homosexuality, gays and lesbians are still considered unequal when it comes to wedding party. Homosexual couples should have the same rights to marry as heterosexual couples. Denying this right is unjust and is discrimination towards a group of people. Same-sex marriage has become more of a political issue when it really should be left over(p) up to ones own personal and religious beliefs. Even though there are a few states that recognize legal same-sex marriage or domestic partnership, couples still have to face retrieveing inferior because of the little to no benefit they are given, while heterosexual marriages have an easy of rights, privileges and benefits. If it is our const itutional right to get married to the person our choice then let it be. It should not matter what the next person feels because they have the right to feel the way they want to feel just as a person can fall in love and marry their significant other. Marriage is mantic to unite two people together for better and worse for the rest of their lives. Why would anyone want to deny another person the opportunity to commit their lifetime to another person regardless of gender? According to a chart by Christine Vestal, a staff writer at Stateline.org, there is only sextuplet states that allow same-sex marriage Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire. New Jersey and Connecticut are the only two states that recognize civil union for same-sex couples al... ...d religion. Many may feel that it is simply tradition for a man a woman to be married and homosexual marriage is just not the norm. On the other hand, what I just mention was also not normal and yet we as a nation have overcome them. It has taken time and great labour to win these rights and the privilege to make our own choices. Today many are more open-minded and tolerant of the existence of homosexuality and homosexual couples and there are a handful of states that are more accepting of the ideal of same-sex marriage. It is only a matter of time before the rest of the nation accepts this. Works CitedOison, Theadore B. The nonprogressive Case for Gay Marriage Newsweek 09 Jan, 2010 Web. Saunders, Cat. Gay Marriage? Absolutely The News Time July 2000 Web.Vestal, Christine Gay marriage legal in six states Stateline 04 Jun, 2009 Web.

Same Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay -- Homosexual Couples Should H

Marriage is the sacred bond between two people who love and cherish one another. Traditionally this bond has been held between man and charwoman. With so umpteen changes in the world, there are more openly homosexual people in our society. Though people have become more accept of the existence of homosexuality, gays and lesbians are still considered unequal when it comes to marriage. Homosexual couples should have the same rights to marry as heterosexual couples. Denying this right is unjust and is discrimination towards a radical of people. Same-sex marriage has become more of a political issue when it really should be left up to ones own personal and ghostly beliefs. Even though there are a few states that recognize legal same-sex marriage or domestic partnership, couples still have to face tactual sensation inferior because of the little to no benefit they are given, while heterosexual marriages have an abundant of rights, privileges and benefits. If it is our consti tutional right to get married to the person our choice then let it be. It should not matter what the next person feels because they have the right to feel the way they want to feel just as a person can fall in love and marry their significant other. Marriage is supposed to unite two people together for better and worsened for the rest of their lives. Why would anyone want to deny another person the opportunity to commit their life to another person regardless of gender? According to a chart by Christine Vestal, a staff writer at Stateline.org, there is only six states that allow same-sex marriage Massachusetts, computed axial tomography, Iowa, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire. New Jersey and Connecticut are the only two states that recognize civil union for same-sex couples al... ...d religion. Many may feel that it is simply tradition for a man a woman to be married and homosexual marriage is just not the norm. On the other hand, what I just mention was also not normal and just we as a nation have overcome them. It has taken time and great effort to win these rights and the privilege to make our own choices. Today many are more open-minded and tolerant of the existence of homosexuality and homosexual couples and there are a handful of states that are more accepting of the apotheosis of same-sex marriage. It is only a matter of time before the rest of the nation accepts this. Works CitedOison, Theadore B. The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage Newsweek 09 Jan, 2010 Web. Saunders, Cat. Gay Marriage? perfectly The News Time July 2000 Web.Vestal, Christine Gay marriage legal in six states Stateline 04 Jun, 2009 Web.

Motivation To International Business

Domestic food market VOSCO will still be the biggest shipping company especially in masses and dry bulk shipment bearation while continuing to develop oil and container shipping International market VOSCO tend to be more industrious and concentrate on seaborne trade within Asian Region (such as Korea, china, Indonesia) as well as furthering other freight routes all all over the world (Africa, Europe and America). Motivation why VOSCO want to expand their market to contrasted market because Currently the claim of shipping in Vietnam is limited and but holds a minor part.So VOSCO certainly will need to enter foreign markets to get more profit and customers (sources of cargo-supply in long term) and utilize the fleet dexterity (bulk, tanker and container ships) as well as reduce the inventory cost and promote economies of scale. In the near future demand for import-export from regional countries and the amount of cargo in international shipping expects to rise tremendously in the near future.According to UNDESA 2012, worldwide commercial good transported by sea will increase by 36% in 2020 and double the gross tonnage by 2033, especially bulk cargo still remain as the major which is also the say-so of VOSCO fleet. The barriers to entrance foreign market be reduced or eliminated when Vietnam joined ASEAN and WTO recently VN has been a member of WTO since 2007, commercial relations with over 220 countries and territories, sign 88 bilateral trade agreements, establish 7 FTA with 15 countries.So removes significantly trade barriers and is good condition for Vietnamese companies, specifically VOSCO to enter foreign markets. VOSCO has a business deal of good competitive advantages to develop further like low-cost and skilled crew (seafarers), good related and supporting system such as ship building industry, ports (VOSCO is a member of VINALINE) Moreover the company can manage and exploit their witness fleets therefore positively seek to customers and pa rticipate in international market without dependence on other partners.In addition, VOSCO officially takes part in foreign market also flirt withs the company have to deal with a dish up of threat. The biggest one is the competition from much bigger rivals around us such as COSCO, Hanjin in both price and fiber wars, then other threats uphill from the host country like culture, policy and currency. Now move to performers this company should consider in shaping their strategies to compete in foreign market.We did mention that china and Indonesia can be potential foreign market so lets take a look at some external environmental analysis of them Political Factor both Indonesia and China are considered as stable political environment, unlikely the high political risk in Africa. Tariffs are high but on decreasing slope. The recent dispute on The East Sea in the midst of China and some countries including Vietnam may not concern too much on trade between countries. Economic Factor both countries are in trillion dollar GDP club. Currently Chinas economy is the second biggest economy in the world and Indonesia ranks 15th.Especially FDI plays a vital role in China and Indonesia growth rate. Trade between these deuce countries with other all over the world continues to rise significantly regardless of the bad impact of public debt in Europe economy. Socio-cultural Factor Population in Indonesia and China is extremely high not only in Asia but in the world. However theres a big difference between these culture, especially in religion(major religion in China is Buddhism but Indonesia is Muslim) Technological Factor Transport system and Communication System in these countries are utile and highly developed compared with other in region.From this analysis we can see that the company should choose a proper method to access the market. We think the steering of merger and acquisition or integration with a local freight forwarder would be efficient because setting up a new affiliate is inquisitive (postponement). Nevertheless setting up subsidiary or using will help the firm take the initiative in linking with local customers. Beside that VOSCO should focus on its own strength in shaping other strategies.Generic competitive strategies Focus on market niche will be a good survival because VOSCO now take advantage in dry and bulk cargo transportation. It also means mineral, grain and other agricultural product will be the major commodity. In shaping the production strategy, there are two main factors fleet and logistics service. Like we said before, VOSCO should renew and upgrade regularly their quality and functionality fleet to meet the international transport demand. For exampleFirstly, technical improvement in ship sizes and draft is required (international coal shipping require 30,000 70,000 DWT vessels demand for regional rice shipping currently concentrate on under 10,000 DWT vessels but in the near future it will increase to 20,000 30,0 00 DWT) Secondly, standardization factor (the problem of registry Vietnamese registered vessel may satisfy the operation standard but in fact it is unfavorable in international transport because standards by VR may not strict enough). The factor of logistics activities in both home and host country is very important.Investing in logistics infrastructure such as warehouse, inland transportation in China or Indonesia should be a long-term objective. Initially it should be integration with local providers. Expanding business in foreign market certainly need to consider factors in human resources. Integration can be seen as the first step before M&A process. Initially local shipping agent and logistics provider will run totally by local employees (inpatriate) then gradually replaced by our expatriates especially the cap position. Therefore selection, training and development those expatriates will play an important role (Ex Culture China Indonesia).Secondly VOSCO must set up a compet itive earnings package to motivate them and finally a proper relocation policy. Move to financial issues, initially the company should not consider the financial objective as the most important. Instead, the outcome better focus on (which is reflected by customer satisfaction). Another factor is the source of fund for the subsidiary. Depend on the (high) IR and switch over rate in both China and Indonesia, itll be better if the fund depends on both parent company and local borrowing and they uses the most putting green method dividend remittance to pay back the parent firm.Finally regular financial report to the VOSCO headquarter is necessary in order to hedge the risk and develop their own financial strategy. The last but not least is containerization. Expand the business focusing on dry and bulk cargo market doesnt mean we skip the container market. Like I said, this is a long-term objective because the current inefficiency of VOSCO container vessels. Therefore, profit from bul k cargo shipping can be reinvested in create container lines services in the future.

Responsibilities and Duties of an HR Manager Essay

uman resource (HR) department deals with wide range of activities from strategic planning direct to the daytime to day operations level. Therefore defining roles and responsibilities of HR manager is a quite complex task so that I would say about few, primary(prenominal) function. Human Resources staff members are advocates for both the company and the people who work in the company. Consequently, a good HR professional performs a constant reconciliation act to meet both needs successfully.Forecasting the labour requirementThe HR manager holds the responsibility of forecasting the labour requirement of the organization in the future based on the future level of sales/production level of the organization. The labour forecast may identify the need for need for hiring or firing employees.RecruitmentOnce the labour forecast is done the HR manager is responsible for recruiting efficient employees for the company that will deliver the best of their abilities. As the recruitment procedu re can be quite expensive for the company, it is imperative not to betray an error during the subprogram.SelectionSelection is the process by which the close to suitable candidate is selected from the recruited pool of candidates. Selection is done by carrying out various types of tests and interviews. HR department/manager is responsible of selecting the most suitable employees to look at existing vacancies. Keeping that in mind, an HR manager should possess an eye for searching these talented people for the companys growth.InductionInduction is the process by which new employees are made familiarized with the organizational environment. Once the employees are selected they need to be introduced to other staff of the organization and they should be inclined necessary guidelines about the organizational culture and theprocedures.TrainingOnce the employees are done with the induction they become an employee of the organization but the skills they possess may not be adequate to c arry out required tasks. The need for training arises when the there is a gap between expected level of skills and the current level of skills of an employee. If a there is a training need HR department has to design training programs and execute them.MotivatingHR manager is responsible of incite employees to carry out their duties of a timely and accurate basis. He/she helps inspire employees, build their spirits, and employee motivation to the best of the organization.Organization DevelopmentThis is again one of the secern areas where the HR manager has to execute to the fullest. Development of an organization is a responsibility which includes peculiar organizational culture, making the team more effective by introducing events interact employees in a formal, and informal way thus impacting the business.Teamwork and Team SpiritHR manager helps in building a team effective for working under circumstances and makes sure that right people are included in the team, minimizing con flicts and increasing productivity. HR manager decides the team right from the team leader to the lowest ranking employee.Rewarding employeesOnce the employee performance evaluation is done HR department needs to design good employee rewarding packages to reward vigorous performing employees. These rewards could be of monetary or non monetary in nature. Such non monetary benefits may include travel allowances, HRA (Health Reimbursement Arrangements), medical, etc. depending from organization.Managing redundancyWhen the organization decides that thy no longer need the service of certain employee they need to be sent to be given the redundancy notices and have to be paid the redundancy charges. HR department has to manage this process.Managing complains about employeesThere can be complaints about employees regarding poor performance, bribery, misbehavior and so on. HR department needs to hear those complains and make necessary steps (advising/punishing employees) to solve those iss ues

American Movies of the 1920’s

Running head AMERICA AND THE MOVIES OF THE 1920S February 13, 2012 US HIS II ABSTRACT The characterizations of the 1920s provided angiotensin-converting enzyme of Americas most compliances of entertainment after World War One. Americans were able to spend a little extra and enjoy such events as they were not devastates during with war. The movies for the American people began soon after the invention of automobiles. The movies provided communications and entertainment and soon began to open the American people to ideas of a different life style on the screen. Some great actors and actresses came from this era.One of the being Charlie Chaplin, who with his charm, wit and forms of playacting entertained the American people. The years following the scourge war take place foregoing to 1920 and fortunately left the United States unharmed. The United States was therefore able to experience a decade of peace and prosperity following one of the most devastating wars. One of the reason s America was able to prosper was because technology played a vital part in bringing the economic and assimilation prosperity that America experienced in the 1920s. New advancements, new inventions and the discoveries improved American lives in numerous ways.The combination of an increase in American fun and the invention of the automobile helped in bringing success to the movie industry. Early movie attendance was low out-of-pocket to the distribution of theaters. As soon as the automobile was more popular, transportation was less of a hassle and movie attendance increased. The history of film spans from the early part of the nineteenth century. Motion pictures demonstrable gradually from carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment. Many of the films in the 20th century were silent.In the silent era of film, marrying the image with undecomposed was not possible for the inventors and producers. For the first thirty years of the history of film, they were silent, and well-nightimes were accompanied by live musicians and sometimes sound effect and commentary were talk by the showman. In the earliest silent films the actors were responsible for method acting or pantomime to portray their feelings to the earshot. This in itself took much talent from the actors and actresses to help the audience feel the total impact of the movie.The movie industry became a huge part of American industry in general. Movies became Americas favorite form of entertainment. Early movie stars such as Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks became idols to the American people who set trends in clothing and hairstyles (James, 2009). Although the movies were a huge part of American life, some negative roles came from the movies. Actress Clara Bow, known as the jazz baby was enticing in the movies, and she soon became a cultural icon, who women accepted as their idol.The silent movie It was a huge success for Clara and millions of girls across America soon began imitating her style. Another famous person in the movies of the 1920s was Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin was one of the greatest and most loved movie stars. He was known for his slapstick acrobatics. Chaplin was able to keep the attention of the audience by creating an environment and walk around it until something natural happened. He used overdramatic acting and lots of emotion. He helped the audience with knowing what the film was about by his demonstrations.The advent of technology helped the success of the movie history. Life was easy and convenient due to the industry of movies that took place during the 1920s. The American people had dealt with the happenings of the war, and now they were able to relax and enjoy the newer things that life had to offer. Movies were the biggest form of entertainment during this time. REFERENCES Henrietta James A. , et. al. America A terse History. 4th Edition Bedford/St. Martins Boston 2009. Primary Source Packet. Bethel University McKenzie, TN 2005

David Brooks -One Nation Slight Divisible Essay

Brooks discussed the differences between the two sort outs. He described how Red the States was made up of farmers and rural communities, while no-count America consisted of big cities with many stores and businesses. As Brooks looked at the red and blue sections of the electoral map, he was interested in the reasons behind the voting patterns. He chose two cities to represent these two sections Franklin County in Pennsylvania for Red America, and capital of Alabama County in Maryland for Blue America. He lived in Montgomery county and worn-out(a) time talking with different people in Franklin county. Brooks began to look deeper at the reasons for the differences between the two groups and wondered if America was really a linked nation anymore.The first reason that Brooke considered was economics. He examined his theory that the rich and the poor have separated. The blue states had higher incomes, higher hold back stores, and jobs. Brooks asked people if they hold that money wa s what had divided the U.S. Although most people greed with that statement, most did not consider themselves the people with less, and it was the ones with less that seemed more content with what they had. As he spent more and more time with the people, he found that it was really not money that split the nation. .The next idea he had was religion. He found that the portion of people involved in religion was higher in red states. There were more churches in Franklin, and more people attended a hebdomadally religious service. Even with these statistics, Brooks again found it was not religion. He found thither were still bad people and problems in both cities. Yes there were differences, but the differences didnt seem to be enough to divide the nation.The final hypothesis Brooks dove into was self. Brooks saw that in Red America there was less striving to be unique and impress others. Humility was much more prevalent in the red states, while people in the blue states tended to place a larger focus on self. Brookes decided that this was a big difference, but not big enough to be the reason for division.After looking at all these thoughts, Brooks concluded that the U.S. is not divided, but instead it is a Cafeteria Nation. Brooks said that everyone has their own group to hang out with, just like what you would find in a school cafeteria. There may be differences between people, but in the end they all come together as a nation to help each other in times of trouble. Brooks used the example of 9/11, to demonstrate this principle and then concluded that our nation was not and is not divided after all.

History, Genocide, Social Intolerance and Bigotry Essay

Lessons of history have been correctly utilized in a sense that the eventualities and circumstances in the past served as a learning experience for a better hereafter. History served as a reminder on how to uphold the positive undertakings and set aside those which only causes strife. On the other hand, it can be used incorrectly in such a charge that oppressed mint whitethorn tend to see their gloomy past as a reason to revolt and take up arms. Moreover, utilizing history as a predictive instrument has observable limitations in a sense that the eventualities in the past does not necessarily manifests in the future, although it may influence it.On the contrary, history basically serves as a reference point to which critical judgment and better analysis of certain circumstances in the present and the future could be applied. In relation to that, observing the massive killings happening around the world, like acts of genocide could be defined as a deliberate start of any free radi cal to eliminate and annihilate a certain cultural group in a belief that cleansing a whole group will also abolish oppression and conflict. According to Gregory Stanton of Genocide Watch, there are actually storeys that ultimately leads to genocide.The eight stages are as follows Classification, or the stage wherein individuals start to cluster the people with the us and them method Symbolization, where people practices labelling and name calling Dehumanization, wherein certain groups perceive others not worthy to be considered human beings Organization, or the establishment of a structured group like militias Polarization, which divides the group apart because of the works of extremists Preparation, or the drawing out of death lists and threats Extermination, or the mass killings and ethnic cleansing stage and Denial, wherein the perpetrators makes a lot of effort in covering up their inhumane acts and intimidates their witnesses (Stanton, 1996).Some acts of genocide is reported to have been institutionalized and ratified by the government like the Janjaweed militia of the Darfur crisis. These Janjaweed forces are believed to be supported by the government because it is through this powerful group that the oil from the Darfur region could be accessed since they threaten the people with acts of violence (Koerner, 2005). Having dominion over the oil industry in Darfur would allow economic growth and stability. For its political implication, the government continually supports the undertakings of the Janjaweeds because they come up to uphold the purpose of their creation which is to destroy the African tribes who were believed to be supporting insurgent groups against the government (Reeves, 2005).In line with that, a possible foundation of complaisant intolerance resides in the peoples fear of the unknown wherein they are uncertain in accepting other peoples perspectives apart from theirs, fearing the implications it may have on them. Another basis of soc ial intolerance and bigotry are the peoples lack of openness to communicate to other people and a feeling of superiority over individuals who are not like them or have similar ideologies.ReferencesKoerner, B. (2005). Who are the Janjaweed. Retrieved June 5, 2008, from http//www. slate. com/id/2104210/. Reeves, E. (2005). Genocide in Darfur-How the Horror Began. Retrieved June 5, 2008, from http//www. sudantribune. com/article. php3? id_article=11445. Stanton, G. (1996). The 8 Stages of Genocide. Retrieved June 5, 2008, from http//www. genocidewatch. org/8stages. htm.

Geely Automobile

supranational contrast purlieu Analysis for Geely plc. 1 supranational profession Environment II Module title International trade Environment (P13KL9) Module convener Lei Li Title Critical Analysis of International caper Environment in UK and Malaysia A Project of Geely plcs Foreign Expansion Group Name List GROUP NO. ID NO. 6501184 6501425 6501559 6501825 6501972 6500420 6501843 NAME subgenus Chen Yiduo Wang Hao Yin Xiaoyun Wang Zheng Zhu Weixing Zhu Leizhen Wu Gaoying Number of Words 4201 Submission Time/Date 14th whitethorn, 2010 2 International Business Environment II Covering NoteYiduo, Chen(6501184), Leader ASEAN, supplement the multinational institutionsASEAN, UNNC Gaoying, Wu (6501843) WTO, UNNC Hao, Wang (6501425) EU, Leverage the multinational institutionsEU, UNNC Leizhen, Zhu (6500420) Income pen, Culture, Marketing analysisIncome profile, UNNC Introduction, Econography, governmental risk, Assessment, Conclusion, UNNC Weixin, Zhu (6501972) Xiaoyun, Yin (6501559 ) Legal System, Exchange prescribe, Geelys Re exploits, Recommendations, UNNC Zheng, Wang (6501825) Tax regime, Restrictions, Marketing analysislegal system, UNNC 3 International Business Environment II Table of contents Pages 1.Introduction .. 5 2. ECLIPTER facotrs analysis. 5 2. 1Econography 2. 2 Culture 2. 3 Legal system 2. 4Income profile 2. 5 Political risk 2. 6 Tax Regime 2. 7 Exchange rate 2. 8 Restrictions Institutions. .. 13 3. 1 WTO 3. 2 EU 3. 3 ASEAN 3. 4. Assessment of Geelys boilers suit international expansion strategy 15 5. Marketing analysis 16 5. 1 Legal system 5. 2 Income profile 6. Geelys reacts to the impact of the ECLIPTER. 8 7. Leverage the twelve-sided institutions.. .. 19 7. 1 ASEAN 7. 2 EU 8. Implications and Recommendations.. .. . 20 9. Conclusion.. 21 10. References.. .. .. 22 11. Appendix (Interview)28 4 International Business Environment II 1. Introduction Geely, the china-based cable car guild and one of the newly-emerged multinationals in the manhood gondola food market, exerts tremendous influences on the car industry. This essay bequeath conduct a critical analysis of the international business environment that the company faces.In the first part, the ECLIPTER factors including econography, culture, legal system, income profile, political risk, measure regime, exchange rate and restrictions, to prevailher with the multilateral institutions such as WTO, EU and ASEAN exit be examined by using UK and Malaysia as examples. thusly based on this analysis, it get out provide an assessment of the companys over all international expansion strategy and process. In the second part, legal system and income profile, the two well-nigh important ECLIPTER factors on Geely afield operations, result be evaluated.Further more(prenominal), the scheme which Geely used to luck with the impact of these two factors and leverage the multilateral institutions will be shown. Finally, this key out will analyze whether the companys i nternational adaptation of the business function is effective, and then give some recommendations and lessons. 2. ECLIPTER Factors Analysis 2. 1 Econography Econography refers to natural and serviceman additions including distance from study markets, and natural resources of nations that affect industry performance.In the first, the close distance between pargonnt company and foreign subsidiary can stand by the company to reduce the transport costs and overhead expenses it besides can improve the connection between them. If the parent company is in China, it is better to pee a subsidiary in Asia such as Malaysia. Secondly, the natural resources used for making cars mainly include steel, copper, and aluminum. If the country owns mysterious mineral resources, it can greatly provide benefit in the production of automobiles. One of the major purposes for many an(prenominal) multinational corporations establishing overseas subsidiaries is to exploit the foreign natural resources. This is good for companies to 5 International Business Environment II reduce production costs and get competitive advantages. As World brand Association reported in 2009 that the plebeian steel production of United Kingdom is 13. 5 in 2008, whereas the crude steel production of Malaysia is 6. 1 in 2008. 2. 2 Culture This paragraph will analyze the effects of culture on auto industry by dint of power distance index and legal transfer rate. Firstly, power distance index measures the detail of ine whole step exists in a society (Hofstede, 1997). The power distance index is 80 in Malaysia whereas it is hardly(prenominal) 35 in UK (Hofstede, 2008).The unequal distri thation of wealth makes virtually Malaysian citizens favor to hold a commercial auto. So the inexpensive Geely auto could be a good option for them. Secondly, saving rate could be a standard to show the attitude of citizens. The saving rate of Malaysia was 47 per cent in the year 1998 which ranks second in Asia (Azia , 2004). In contrast, the saving rate in UK was significantly low, which was less than 10 percent in the past ten days. For instance, the saving rate of UK household in 2008 was only 1. 7 percent (chart 1)(Presser, 2008). So UK citizens are apt to consume a relatively high price car. Chart 1Resource from Posser (2008) 6 International Business Environment II 2. 3 Legal system The auto industry has been affected by laws and government regulations since the 1960s. The first safety act passed in 1966 by Congress and was called the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (Highfill, 2004). This act forced manufacturers to improve the safety for the passengers, the driver visibility, and the braking of the car. Not only safety, but also environment is universe growingly concerned even before the oil crisis. The Vehicle Air Pollution and Control Act passed in 1965 was the first act to set standards for automobile pollution.Then in the 1970s, Congress passed the Clean Air Act that l ed to a 90% decrease in automobile spark within the next six years (ibid). In the 1970s the oil crisis led to the approval of The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 which stated that all automobiles essential meet a certain mileage per gallon. The act required that all automobiles had to meet a standard of 20mpg by the 1980 poseur and then 27. 5 mpg for the 1985 model (ibid). EU 2020 growth strategy also emphasizes the importance of low degree centigrade automobile (Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, 2010).There are also many special laws for auto industry in different countries, such as Malaysia, which has built a free trade area for production and assembly of products for export-oriented enterprises. Companies can enjoy the minimal tariffs, raw materials and simplified mechanical equipment import formalities. Nevertheless, the Malaysia government regulates that more than 80% products should export to other countries (Daily password, 2006). Furthermore, the UK Byers Acts Measures to cut the average price of a car by ? 1,100 and save private car buyers around ? 1 billion a year.Although it may lower the profitability of auto industry, the number of consumers will increase in stages (DTI, 2000). 2. 4 Income profile Since automobile is not inferior goods, the demand of automobile would rise when income increases. In the economic aspect, income could be an indicator of the purchasing power of individuals and nations. selective information from UK national statistics office (2010) demonstrated that despite the repressed 4. 9 percent of GDP in the whole year, the GDP increased 0. 4 percent in 7 International Business Environment II the fourth nincompoop of 2009. Furthermore, Household expenditure also rose 0. percent in the fourth quarter of 2009 in UK (chart2). For Malaysia, the GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2009 was 4. 5 though the figure was negative in the whole year (chart 3) (Malaysia statistics, 2010). It can be observed that the economy of both UK and Malaysia seem to recover from the global financial crisis. This positive signal predicts the growing demand and distensible market for Geely in both countries. Chart 2 Resource from UK statistics 2010 Chart3 Resource from Malaysia statistics 2010 8 International Business Environment II The core competitiveness of Geely automobile relies on its high performance-price ratio.Per metropolis GNI (Gross national income) in Malaysia was 25784 RM in 2008. By analyzing the 2004 United Nations Human Development (UNHDP) report, except the 20% tribe of richest and poorest class, Geely will be a better filling for the rest citizens in Malaysia(chart 4) (Lumpur, 2004). In comparison, the young lot account for a great numerate of population in UK. A source from HMRC shows the average income of infra 20 years is ? 9,570 and 20-24 years is ? 13,200 which is below the average (chart 5). It implies that when young generation decide to buy a car, price is the first cons ideration factor.For medium quality car manufacture companies, young population in UK could be a potential group of nodes. Chart 4 9 International Business Environment II Chart5 Median Age Band Under 20 years 20 24 ? 11,800 years 25 29 ? 17,000 years 30 -34 ? 19,500 years 35 39 ? 20,100 years 40-44 ? 20,200 years 45 49 ? 20,300 years Resource from Lumpur (2004) ? 28,600 ? 24,800 ? 35,400 ? 15,200 ? 20,100 ? 28,100 ? 24,600 ? 34,600 ? 14,900 ? 19,800 ? 26,800 ? 23,600 ? 31,700 ? 15,500 ? 20,100 ? 23,900 ? 21,600 ? 26,700 ? 16,400 ? 20,100 ? 19,300 ? 17,800 ? 20,600 ? 15,900 ? 17,800 ? 3,200 ? 12,400 ? 13,800 ? 11,200 ? 12,300 ? 8,130 ? 9,570 ? 8,490 ? 9,810 ? 7,990 ? 9,250 Median Income Mean Income Income (Men) (Men) (Women) (Women) Income Income Income Mean Median Mean 2. 5 Political risk tally to Guinger (2001), political risk describes the stability of government institutions. It can be measured in a variety of ways such as likelihood of foreign aggression and civil insurrec tion. The Transparency International (2009) showed that UK and Malaysia both face some problems of political corruption, which adversely affects the efficiency of economic operation.World rim estimates that corruption could cost Malaysia as much as RM10 10 International Business Environment II billion a year an amount akin to 1 or 2 per cent of GDP. The corruption in the UK is lighter than Malaysia, which ranked 17, whereas Malaysia ranked 56 in world in 2009 based on Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. But the corruption in UK is not unheard. Surveys by Control Risks and Simmons & Simmons show that the awareness of UK laws against foreign bribery may be lessen over time.In 2002, aft(prenominal) the act came into force, 68 percent of respondents say they were familiar with its main points. But in 2006, 48 percent people said that they have totally ignored it (Global Corruption Report, 2009). 2. 6 Tax Regime Tax regime refers to the tax income instruments that governments use to raise revenues from multinational firms, such as incarnate taxes. The tax of Malaysia is transparent, the multinational corporate must(prenominal) be taxed 30% of the corporate income which is just the same as Malaysia companies Marketing directory, 2005) According to the tax bonus treaties, auto ( . ndustry may be eligible for pioneer status which is given by the way of an abatement of 70% of the profits for five years (ibid). The stay 30% of the profits will be taxed at the prevailing corporate income tax rate. The profits abated are exempt from tax and will be open for distribution as tax-free dividends. In UK the resident corporate tax is the lowest in Europe, even the tax is zero for the small companies in 2002(Lawandtax-news, 2010). According to the tax treaties, multinational corporate which set up, purchase or control the companies in UK can follow the resident tax (Navstar, 2009).In the ordinary vogue of events, foreign companies cannot follow the low corporate tax, bu t with regard to double taxation and the agreement between UK and China, Chinese multinational corporates in UK without delay repair the low tax (ibid). 2. 7 Exchange rate Stable trade policies are extremely important for both the economic welfare of the countries and the multilateral art system. Unfortunately, the liberalization measures were adopted by many countries. As Dornbuschs 1976 analysis has pointed out that when the exchange rate is used to provide protection for domestic firms, it is through undervaluation.An undervalued 11 International Business Environment II exchange rate protects domestic firms from imports and gives domestic firms greater incentives to export. For example, the Balance of Payments Committee of the WTO has received 39 requests from piece countries for derogations from their international obligations and for a temporary increase in temporary protection. Moreover, several developing countries, such as Malaysia, have recently increased tariffs in an swer to financial crises even though the higher rates remain below the rates these countries bounded in the WTO.Moreover the analysis said China has bring to pass a great auto exporter, as a result of the huge subsidies, an undervalued exchange rate and dirt-cheap credit (Swaminathan, 2009). 2. 8 Restrictions Restrictions refer to the taxes and limitations that host governments place on foreign products and services or on foreign firms themselves when they enter or leave the host economy. Because of the policy of protecting their national automobile industry, the import tax of automobile is relatively high in Malaysia.Since 2004, Malaysia began to reduce the automobile import tax for the import components the tax is reduce from 25% to 10%, and for the whole automobile the import tax is drop from 130% to 30% for the companies outside of Southeast Asia (mei, 2009). In 2010, according to the agreement of ASEAN, the automobile import tax will be zero to all the regions of ASEAN. UK is a member of EU, it followed the economic agreement of EU which sets no import or export tax between members of EU and they must charge the same tax when they have business with the third country (European competitiveness, 2009). 12International Business Environment II Scoring Analysis of UK and Malaysia unpolished Score Econography Culture Legal System Income Profile Political Risk Tax Regime Exchange Rate Restrictions Total (10) (10) (20) (20) (10) (10) (10) (10) (100) 8 7 18 8 8 8 7 7 71 7 6 16 15 5 9 8 9 75 UK Malaysia 3. Institutions 3. 1 WTO The major objectives of WTOs roles are ? the creation of a common automobile market through the elimination of stopriers to intra-Community trade the maintenance and expansion of a competitive world automobile industry the use of voluntary import restrictions to prevent cheap imports and to maintain competitiveness? European Commission, 2006). For example, in 2006, WTO announced the plaque of a panel to examine whether Chinas tariffs on imported auto parts violate WTO trade rules, following a joint complaint made by the United States, the European Union and Canada, who accused China for its discriminatory charges on imported auto parts. After examining Chinas related regulations, WTO panel tell that Chinas regulations are inconsistent with Chinas WTO obligations. China has agreed to make the necessary regulatory changes by September 2009 (Herd, 2006). 13 International Business Environment IIWTO facilitates Geelys international expansion since the elimination of trade barriers has cleared its path to world market and made it integrated to the world economy. In 2002, by and by China conjugated into WTO, 100 automobiles of Geely exported to Syria (Luo, 2005). 3. 2 EU EU functions as a rule-imposer. It sets strict requirements and institute rules and regulations to improve vehicle safety. Besides the vehicle crash tests executed by Euro NCAP (European New Car Assessment Pro gramme backed by European Commission), o n that point are also some regulations set to protect the environment.First, in rove to respond to the gradual aggravation of greenhouse effect, the European commission authentic a mandatory emission standard to limit the emission of one major kind of greenhouse gas, CO2. The regulation set a fleet-average CO2 emission target for passenger cars, which is 120 g/km to be reached by 2015 (European Commission, 2010). The vehicle manufacturers must reach the CO2 emission target of 130g/km, with an additional reduction of 10 g/km to be provided by supplementary measures, such as the use of hydrogen fuel. A long-term target of 95 g/km to be reached by 2020 is also stablished by the regulation (ibid). This regulation will take effect in 2012. From 2012 onwards, vehicle manufacturers who do not meet this target will have to pay penalty for their excess emissions. According to DieselNet (2010), from 2012 to 2018, the penalties are 5 per vehicle for the first g/km of CO2 15 for the second gr am 25 for the third gram 95 from the fourth gram onwards. From 2019, manufacturers will pay 95 for each g/km exceeding the target. Another congressional mandate imposed by European Commission requires scan pressure monitoring systems on all new cars in 2012.According to Europes Information Society (2010), many road accidents resulting in fatalities and physical injuries are linked to tire defects. Furthermore, under-inflated tires can result in severely inefficient use of fuel and cause an extra two million stacks of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere per year. So this mandate enhances vehicle safety and protects the environment. 14 International Business Environment II These regulations have incurred a rise in car prices since vehicle manufacturers are forced to increase price to offset the cost of upgrading.These regulations put Geely in an unfavorable position. Since Geely is better lastn for making low-tech and cheap cars, making eco-friendly cars is not included in the competen cies of the company and huge R&D spending is inevitable for nurturing this competence. They set a high bar for the competition and limit Geelys ability to expand market in Europe. 3. 3 ASEAN ASEAN Association of South East Asia Nations is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia. China and ASEAN are both newly-emerged, rapidly-developing auto markets.Cooperation in auto industry between China and ASEAN will bring a win-win situation for the two sides and make their cars more competitive in a global competition. For instance, according to Xinhua News Agency (2006), a report released by the Ministry of vocation Indonesia has announced that compared to the expensive Japanese sedans, the China-made ones gradually gain popularity for more favourable price-performance ratio. ASEAN country also needs investment from Chinese carmakers to expand local physical exertion and for more price-favourable cars, said a Germany auto expert at the China-AS EAN Expo, 2006.Consequently, in general, ASEAN opens its gate to Chinese car companies including Geely to achieve a win-win situation. 4. Assessment of Geelys overall international expansion strategy Geelys current international strategy is to mystify affordable automobile, so the market size and consume power of a foreign market are highly valued by Geely. Malaysia automobile market resembles China more than UK, in the aspects such as the peoples income, the similar culture, and the similar geographical position, etc.As by now most cars have been exported to some developing countries like sou-east Asia, Ukraine, Russia, and Mexico, Malaysia will be good plectron. Meanwhile, although UK does not represent a neighboring or ? home market, 15 International Business Environment II as markets in South-East Asia do, UK could be seen as an interesting market with a potential for higher margins, higher price levels and a more mature market for branding, technology, etc, as the UKs income per capita, and the automobile sales volume are higher than that of Malaysia.Considering the future international development, Geely should focus on UK. Therefore, at first, it is better for Geely to develop its ? producing automobile which most of people can buy strategy in Malaysia, and when Geely is able to enter high-end automobile market, UK will be a better choice. In terms of multilateral institution, after evaluating the influence of international organizations, we suggest that Malaysia is a better choice for Chinese car companies to exploit new markets. Firstly, a win-win situation guarantees a favourably corporate relationship between Geely and ASEAN (Eichengreen, 2006).Secondly, in that respect are various quality-related requirements and constraints in EU and probably NAFTA, which puts up a strong challenge for those Asian auto makers. Moreover, by far, there is no evidence to prove the acquisition of Manganese Bronze and Volvo have considerably increased Geelys sale in developed nations. and then considering the opportunities and threats faced by Geely, it is recommended that the company emphasizes on developing nations markets, rather than the developed markets. 5. Marketing analysis 5. 1 Legal system According to Alistair Darlings pre-budget report, UK will bring new opportunities for the low-carbon industries.Through the Innovation Investment Fund and the Carbon Trusts Venture Capital scheme, UK will invest at least ? 160m in low carbon projects (Guardian, 2009). They will also invest ? 90m in the European Investment Banks new 2020 fund, which will put 6. 5 billion Euros of finance in green infrastructure projects. In this report, there are alterations to the climate change levy, company car tax, and fuel benefit charge (ibid). This is good news for Geely because now it dedicates itself to produce high-tech and eco-friendly automobile. In 16International Business Environment II UK the amount of car tax depends on the price and the discharge a mount for carbon, which is from 9% for electric motor car to 10%-35% for petrochemical car. UK also has a successful car scrappage scheme, which gives consumers a ? 2,000 discount off. If they scrap their old vehicle, it will overhaul up to 125,000 families replace their inefficient boilers with new models (Julia, 2009). Through the governments support of low-carbon industry, Geely has more opportunities to innovate high-tech and eco-friendly automobile.Furthermore, because of the low tax and car scrappage scheme, customer is inclined to buy or change an electric motor car,. In 22nd March 2006, Malaysia published the new automobile policy (MEI, 2009). Since that day, the import taxes of CBU (Complete reinforced Unit) are reduced from 20% to 5% for the ASEAN members and 50% to 30% for other countries. The import taxes of CKD (Completely Knock Down) are 10%. In 28th October 2009, Mustafa Mohamed announced many new policies for auto industry which will give much more preferences and s ubsidies for the new expertness automobile companies (ibid). . 2 Income profile It is known that the success of Geely relies for the most part on keeping low cost and offering the affordable cars. For instance, Geelys best-selling four-door sedan, the King Kong, has been interchange 6127 in April 2010 and the retail price is between 47,800RMB 58,800RMB (Jiang, 2010). Geely change 329,014 passenger cars in 2009, making it is the third largest domestic car producer (Zheng, 2010). However, Geelys gentle formula is under pressure in china because Chinese consumers are decent wealthier the higher-end models will gradually be affordable for them.Meanwhile, brands such as the Chery QQ, Ford Fiesta, and Honda Civic are threatening Geelys current market position. Geekys winning formula is also challenged at the oversea markets like UK and Malaysia. Date from HMRC (HM Revenue & Customs) indicates that nearly 50% of the population in UK earns ? 16400 annually which is much higher than t he ticker class income of Malaysia. This group of population could be a dominant power in the automobile market in UK. It is not a wise choice to sell its inexpensive cars in UK considering that low price would not be 17International Business Environment II attractive for these relatively rich citizens. The similar situation also happened in Malaysia which made Geelys low price cars less competitive. This is because that the predicted real GDP growth in 2010, 2011 and 2015 are 4. 7%, 5. 0% and 5. 0%, Malaysian people are becoming richer than before(IMF, 2010). Their increasing incomes will directly affect their car buying choice. People nowadays prefer the higher-end models and the market destiny of Geelys lower-end models are estimated to reduce gradually. 6.Geelys reacts to the impact of the ECLIPTER First, since the middle of 2009, the sales of car exports decreased from 37940 in 2008 to 6297. Furthermore, although Geely exports to more than 50 countries, most of them are devel oping countries which are not so effective in the promotion of the brand image. In order to get rid of low-end image, Geely changed its strategy from ? produce automobile which most of people can buy to ? do not produce cars which price is below 40000 Yuan (Fang, 2009). Besides, Geely take over Volvo which also explicit its desire to promote the brand image.Geelys strategy changes starts in May 2007, which is focus on transforming its competitive advantage from price to technology. In 2007, Geely used terzetto new motorcycle typeYuan Jing, King Kong and Zi You Jian, which have relatively higher value added to substitute the Haoqing, Meiri and You Liou. For doing that, Geely scraped its old molds, jigs and production line which worth up to 8 billion Yuan. In 2008, the sales of these three new auto types grew 12% without discount marketing strategy (Geely annual report, 2009).Furthermore, in 2010, Geely will market 21 new auto types, and some of them were designed by Fabrizio Giugia ro, the Italys famous auto manufacturer. Moreover, the new energy auto will also be produced in 2010, which will include Panda and DiHao ( sebaceous cystqing, 2010). These new energy auto types have been showed in the Beijing car exhibition 2010 (Phoenix auto, 2010). In order to deal with these two factors, Geely also has a complementary strategy cooperate or takeover other well-known international auto manufacturers. It will not only help Geely to promote its auto manufacture technology, but also improve its brand image.Geely has already cooperated with 18 International Business Environment II Britains Manganese Bronze to produce luxurious brand-named taxi (China car Times, 2010) and assembled cars with Information Gateway Corp Sdn Bhd (IGC) in Malaysia, 2006 (Tan, 2006). 7. Leverage the multilateral institutions 7. 1 ASEAN One of the immobilise news in 2005 was the political barriers Geely met in Malaysia, which was considered as the commodiousgest challenge for its overseas exp ansion so far. Geelys President Li Shufu described Malaysia as ? an surprising trap? because of Malaysia governments rejection on fulfilling the contract.After examining the ECLIPTER factors of Malaysia market, Li Shufu and his team regarded Malaysia as the first pillbox and cornerstone of its expansion to ASEAN countries. He believed the learning in Malaysia could be helpful. Therefore, in May 2005, Geely has made a joint contract with Malaysia IGC group for building CKD factory in Malaysia. However, Malaysia government denied the contract after a new document on automobile being published. According to the document, all cars made by foreign automobile manufacturers were prohibited to sell in Malaysia.Then the situation in Malaysia went against its expection of getting a huge sale. However, according to Geely ex officios, to some extent, ASEAN agreements have made Geely to reconsider the importance of Malaysia (Harwit). In South East Asia nations, there are some strict tariff-rel ated regulations for automobile industry. Contrarily, tariff among ASEAN countries is in a minimum rate. According to an inner-ASEAN agreement, from 2003 to 2009, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore and Vietnam exempted auto import tariff for each other.From 2010, all ASEAN countries will implement zero auto import tariff for each other. At the same time, Indonesia, Thailand and some other ASEAN nations demand of cars is increasing considerably (JAMA, 2008). curiously after an impressive increase in 2007, the car-sale in Indonesia becomes significantly dazzle. Therefore Geely 19 International Business Environment II figureed to only manufacture cars in Malaysia and then export cars to other ASEAN countries, which seems like a forward-looking plan in a long-term development.Finally, Geely decided to move its Malaysia CKD manufacture center to Indonesia. However, its great deal of leveraging ASEAN to pursue a sale performance in all ASEAN nations has not changed. 7 . 2 EU In terms of EU regulations, since Geely has germinated 100% willpower of Volvo, the Swedens company, Geely is no longer an outsider of European market. According to the EU Single market concept (European Commission, 2010), a free circulation of slap-up, labor, goods and services between EU members is granted. Geely now have got over tariff barriers and competes as an insider. . Implications and Recommendations One of the strategies of Geely is to promote new energy automobile, there are two advantages for this strategy Firstly, Geely can get powerful support from government since the development of new energy is encouraged by the government. Secondly, since new energy automobile is environmental friendly goods, it not only reduces the carbon emissions, but also decreases the expenses on routine maintenance (Bond newspaper, 2010). However, there are also drawbacks, such as the inadequate facilities.Acquiring other world famous bands is the other strategy of Geely, which fac ilitates the companys global expansion. For instance, Volvo is well-known by its safety, which could provide Geely with a competitive advantage on its brand trust. It also provides a valuable, more upscale user image. Therefore, through merger or acquisition of international well-known brands, Geely can get greater international fame and advanced(a) technology, integrate into the world market and attract more consumers. However, certain risks should be considered when Geely acquires Volvo.The first risk is that the culture conflicts between two countries. It has been reported that one of the hindering factors is that the union of Volvo in Sweden disagrees the acquisition for their reduced 20 International Business Environment II welfare and unemployment (Gasgoo, 2009). The second risk is that the value of acquired equity. It has been said that Volvos vaunted reputation for safety has been challenged by other manufacturers which can also provide automobiles with same safety standar d. In this case Volvos ? safe? advantage may not be as competitive as before. 9. ConclusionTo sum up, this essay has analyzed the ECLIPTER factors of Geelys two overseas markets, Britain and Malaysia, and examined influence of the related multilateral institutions. According to this matrix analysis, legal system and income profile have the most important impact on the auto industry. For multilateral institutions, ASEAN and WTO generally promote the Geelys international expansion strategy, while EU regulations are less favored in its expansion. Considering both ECLIPTER factors and related multilateral institutions, it is suitable for Geely to enter developing nations to acquire market share at its initial development.But for long-term development, Geely need to pay attention to research and develop higher-end models. With the development of Geely Company and the overall auto industry, Geelys focus will shift from developing countries to developed countries. Currently, Geelys low pri ce strategy is challenged by the legal system and income profile of developed countries. Therefore, Geely is increasing its efforts in releasing new model cars and tapping into developed countries through merger or acquisition.Geely intends to promote its brand image and enlarge its market share through these strategic moves, although it has to face the risk of culture conflicts and the uncertainty of acquisition value. 21 International Business Environment II 10. References Azia, A. Z. 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Available at 15 April 2010 25 International Bu siness Environment II Marketing directory (2005) (the Summary of Investment Environment of Malaysia)online. Available at 21 April 2010 MEI (2009) (the New Policy of Automobiles in Malaysia) online. Available at 20th April 2010 Navstar (2009) the detail of the corporate tax in UK) online. Available at 21 April 2010 Office for National Statistic (2009) National Projections UK population to exceed 65m by 2018 Online. Available at 11 April 2010 Phoenix auto website (2010) ( the new energy car showed in Beijing car exhibition) online. Available at 5 May 2010 Posser, D. (2008) UK saving rate sinks to 49-year low as growth faltersOnline. Available at 17 April 2010 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (2010) EU 2020 growth strategy emphasises significance of low carbon automotive online.Available at http//www. eemsonline. co. uk/press_releases/08-03-10_3 1 May 2010 Swaminathan S Anklesaria Alyar. TNN(2009) How India beat China in auto exports online. Available at 3 May 2010 26 I nternational Business Environment II Swee-Hock, S. (2007) The population of Peninsular Malaysia. Online Available at 13 April 2010 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2009) Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 Online. Available at 11 April 2010 UK statistics (2010) GDP Growth Online. Available at 15 Apr 2010 Wenqing F. (2010) 21 Geely will market 21 new types of automobile, new energy car also will produce)online. Available at 24 April 2010 World Steel Association (2009) WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2009 Online. Available at 11 April 2010 World Bank (2008) Gross National Income Per Capita 2008,Atlas Method and PPP Online. Available at 15 April 2010 Xinhua News Agency (2006) China Eyes ASEAN for Car Assembly, Export Online Available at 18 April 2010 27 International Business Environment II 11. Appendix An interview with the Geely official Distinguished guest Mr.Zhao Jie, Vice President of Geely Holding Group, In charge of Geelys international business. Time 28 April 2010 Location Mr. Zhao Jies off ice Selected Q&A Q How does Geely react to the EUs high standard of safety and emission? A The high standard in Europe is indeed a big challenge for us late-movers. However, we have investigated a lot on the R&D and have made some success. As our new motto cited, we will ? devote ourselves to produce the safest, most energy-saving and environmental-friendly cars in affordable prices?. In spite of the European standard, we will also investigate on those aspects.Besides, we have acquired Volvo, a company with best reputation on its safety and reliability. Volvo will bring us the experience and advanced technology in pursuing safety. Moreover, developing new energy is not only the trend of all car companies, but also all those energy-based industries. Under the support of our government, we are confident in making a breakthrough in this area. Q Have you got any type or design which could achieve the standard? A Yes we have. Most of the automotive types in our series-EC were produced ba sed on the EU standard. Q We know Geely acquired Manganese Bronze.How can you successfully acquire Volvo from Sweden and DSI from Australia? 28 International Business Environment II A Firstly, I am glad to the lead of our Party and the flourishing Chinese economy. China now attracts the whole worlds attentions. As one of the best Chinese companies, Volvo has its own advantage. As we have emphasized, you could not acquire Volvo only by money. Thats like a free marriage, not an obligatory acquisition. They have already accepted us. As a fast developing China-based company, we could give Volvo continuous capital support.Also, our promotion will make Volvo more famous in China. In terms of DSI, there are several parades of their employees due to the downsizing. The company is on the edge of bankrupt. People clap their hands to welcome us, because they see the hope. Besides, we have developed the technology of gearbox for about 6, 7 years, we are able to understand and accept the techn ology of DSI. Q Will there be any problems caused by culture collision after the acquisition of them? A I dont think it is a problem for us. Firstly, Volvo is an international company who will make decisions with a global vision.Although everybody loves their country, the asset of an international company is complex, especially after becoming a listed company. It depends on the structure of the asset. For instance, who do you think Toyota belongs to? The asset structure is global, in which Japanese capital accounts for only a small part. However, the culture of Toyota is still Japanese. We think the situation is similar to Volvo, whose culture will not be changed by us. Our relationship is more likely a brotherhood, rather than hierarchical relationship. What we need to do is communication, respecting and taking care of each other.Q Will Geely transfer the entire Volvo product line to China? A Automobile needs indigenous producing, R&D and sale, and more importantly, the maximum ind igenous complement. So the current factories in Sweden and Belgian will be remained permanently. Q Whats your opinion on the Malaysia event, I mean the broken of your corporation? 29 International Business Environment II A Based on the evaluation of all aspects, including the demand, competition, income and wage level, even the political aspect itself we believed Malaysia was our best choice to enter ASEAN.Malaysia had already accepted our contract we even signed the contract witnessed by both governments staff. You know Wu Bangguo, chairman of National Peoples Congress and Malaysias head of Parliament have attended the ceremony. I dont know why and how they allowed themselves to make such a decision. They denied the unilateral contract which goes against WTO regulation. I dont want to talk about it anymore. Q The Geely Panda is transformed to Tobe and being sold in Taiwan, it is said that the real purpose is the ASEAN markets. Can you explain it a little bit?A Sure. Firstly, Taiwan has an advanced system in sales and service. We could improve our service, especially after-sale service. Secondly, Yulon Motor has abundant experience in overseas sales. This ? Tobe? has already being sold in Vietnam, and will be sold in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippine. Q Whats your future plan? A Except ASEAN, we have run our business well in many markets. For instance, AIS Company from Ukraine, our best agency, sold out 8000 units for us in Ukraine and made ? Exterior? the most famous autotype in Ukraine.Considering the geographic advantage that Ukraine possesses, we will build CKD factory there, in order to expand to Russia and Eastern Europe. We also have signed a contract with a Mexico partner to build a 130-million-dollar all-around industrial centre. Our plan is, by 2015, build 15 produce centers abroad, and sell 2 million cars, in which 1. 3 million will be sold in overseas markets. Contacts Address Suite 15E, West Tower, 668 East Beijing Rd, Shanghai, 200001China Tel 8 6-21-53086111 53086126 Fax86-21-53085062E-mailemailprotected com 30 International Business Environment II

Huaorani of Ecuador

The Huaorani Indians live in the Amazonian rainforest in Ecuador, and they atomic number 18 a semi-nomadic horticultural society. They be given wild game, gather fruits, and berries, but they likewise grow their own plants. They live off the land and oblige to move from time to time usu altogethery every ten eld or so in found to non everywhere use the area. They are idolizeed by umteen large number in their comp iodinnt part because of their violent reputation, they are temperamental, and unpredictable. The men and women gravel different chores, but are tr run throughed equal when reservation decisions.They ordinarily find only two or three children because in that location are non nice resources to support too umteen children. They live in an egalitarian social system. Many searches lease been utilize in order to try to find the most reliable and credible information possible. Some of the areas employ include Google scholar search engine, Ashford online libr ary to include ProQuest, yahoo search engine, however the ProQuest articles provide the best(p) information. in that location bring forth been many disappointments with finding non-credible sites.The first time that the Huaorani peacefully had contact with come insiders was back in 1958, when evangelical missionaries from the Summer Institute of Linguistics convinced a Huaorani woman that was a slave to go back to the forest she lived in as a child and serve up them relocate her family to a colonisation and convert them to Christianity (Baihua, 2009). Due to anele companies trying to take over as much of the land as possible in order to get more than oil they continued trying to get the Huaorani people to move to blockages and convert to Christianity.The missionaries t gaga them that their culture was sinful and savage, and act to pressure them into giving up their traditions and modal value of smell. Since the missionaries tried to convert as many of the Huaorani as pos sible they have forced many deeper into the forest. They have locomote deeper in order to stay as pure to their tradition as possible. Many however did go with the missionaries and convert to Christianity which upset the rest that stayed true to the culture. The Huaorani tried their best to stay away from the outsiders, but the outsiders pass going after them and victorious over more and more of their land.The oil companies continue to take over more land in order to find more oil. The Huaorani face many issues because of the oil companies that have taken over a large portion of their land. The Huaorani faced new diseases that sickened, and killed many of them. Their homes were invaded and destroyed by the outsiders. The oil companies have built a road through the heart of the Huaorani territory. Since the oil companies have through this it has severely hurt the habitat in which the Huaorani hunt. The rainforest that they hunted and gathered from was depleting very quickly, which caused fare shortages.The oil companies have their own camps built within the Ecuadorian forest, which has exposed the locals to all of the material items that outside piece has. Things resembling stereos, televisions, alcohol, and separate luxuries. While rough Huaorani have resisted the patrollers, separates have become dependent on them, some even get oil company employees, (Cuna, 2007, para. 8). The Huaorani believe that when some hotshot dies, the soul starts a journey towards heaven. On the way, in the middle of the path, a big anaconda is obstructing the way.Only brave souls freighter jump the boa and reach heaven. Whoever fails, returns to earth as a termite, and leads a miserable existence, (Cuna, 2007, Para. 12). When it comes to death the Huaorani do not fear it, nor do they morn for the ones that pass. They do not have a big funeral like Americans do. They simply bury their dead and go on with invigoration, there are no condolences offered. They have no sense of time when it comes to age and affaires like this. If you were to ask a man or woman how old they were they would not be able to tell you because they do not grasp up with that.The Huaorani of Ecuador hunt with blowguns and spears make out of chonta wood which is very heavy (Cuna, 2007). They also use a fruit carcass that is alter with cotton to make it hard, and darts that they are curare-dipped (Cuna, 2007). The curare is made by mixing various vines and plants unneurotic and boiling them, which creates the poison that paralyzes and kills the prey (Cuna, 2007). The Huaorani are primarily hunters and their diet consists of monkey, wild boar, and turtles, but they also eat bananas and other native fruits in the area. They have a conjunction with the forest that is unknown to many people.Their connection with the rainforest is important to their survival in that without that connection they would not have the knowledge and abilities to gather and fit otherwise. The Huaorani acquired a few new methods for hunting from the outsiders. These items include shotguns and dynamite, which caused them problems because it made it too easy. By making it so easy they killed more than they urgencyed to, which depleted the wild life history in the area. They hurt themselves by doing this because by killing all the animals they no longer had any to hunt.With no animals to hunt they would have no food other than berries, which caused charge loss and forced them to move. Huaorani fear snakes because they believe that they are evil and that is why in death the warriors have to jump over a snake in order to go on to live forever. They take note the jaguar in a sense because they think that the jaguar allows them to communicate with the spirits. They also have maintain and interest in the trees because of the medicine they get from them, and because they relate the growth of trees to their own growth.How the leafs change with age and how the trees keep throughout the years. The trees are complex in the way they mature and grow just as the Huaorani do. They usually live in small settlements that they have planted vegetable gardens in and they grow manioc, maize, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and many types of fruits. That way they can have something besides just the meat that the men gather from the forest. By plant these gardens they have to move every ten years or so in order to keep from over exerting the land. Moving allows the land to heal itself so that it can be planted again years later.Huaorani living quarters are made up of smaller champion settlements within the larger settlement which are positioned at distances of a couple days walk from one another. They do this in faux pas of danger and resource depletion. This is a prerequisite to the egalitarian social system that they live by (Rival, 2005). Their houses can provide shelter for ten or so people all of the same family. There is some always laughter and joking going on throughout the theatres because the Huaorani are very close. Men in the tribe wear a cotton range of mountains like clothe around their waist that also holds their genital in the upright position.Women wear a similar cotton string clothe, but theirs is thinner. one time children are able to walk on their own they can then wear the cotton string clothe, but not until then. Huaorani children are very self-sufficient and independent, and their transaction with the adults are devoid of authority. Adults have no sense of hierarchical superiority, and they are not over-protective of the children. The Huaorani define independence as the ability to bring food back and conduct it with others. The next stage of maturity date for both sexual urges is when they are mature enough and dissolve they want to get married.This is when they get their ears pierced and have a wedding ceremony. These ear piercings are not like ours, they have hard pieces of wood placed in the holes until they get to the right size. Gender relations consist of the men being the hunters, the women can hunt but usually do not sooner they gather fruits, and berries, and take care of the children. The men and women are treated equally when it comes to family decisions, however there are different chores. The Huaorani women are strong and independent, and also know what plants to use as a earthy render control in order to limit themselves to two or three children.The children learn from their elders by detect and trying to succeed them. At very young ages the children are able to be on their own, once they have learned to walk and share food. Huaorani do not really care about the children public lecture so much as they do singing, share, and hunting. The affect that the plantsman life style has on the gender relations is noticeable by the roles that each member of the family plays. As far as being gathers of meat, berries, childcare, and marriage. There is informal education among the Huaorani when it comes to the children learning their place and responsibilities based on gender.The children stay close to adults knowing that they get out not be sent away. No one tells the child to do this, but they begin to imitate what they see their elders doing. Children do not get scolded or praised for their behavior by anyone in the household. The children have no bedtimes they just play until they fall asleep. This type of education may not be acceptable in our society, but this is what they know. This is their way of life and how they grow and mature throughout their life. Children finish the first stage of life maturity when they can walk and gather on their own and in return home and share what they got.Kinship in the Huaorani society is very important in that family life is the most important thing to them. The kinship consists of mother, father, children, spouses, and grandchildren. This helps with the daily responsibilities that are required of the family. If something were to hap pen to a child such as becoming orphaned then other family members will automatically take the child in as their own. The horticulturist lifestyle affects the kinship of the Huaorani because they live in small groups based on their family unit in order to ensure that their families are provided for.They take care of family first as far as food and other much needed supplies are concerned. Political transcription, there really is not any except for when there is a major conflict only then is there any type of leadership. No one gives orders to anyone, they all know what they have to do and they do it. There is no need for political governance unless there is a major issue that arises and that is usually not between kin or other Huaorani settlements, but outsiders. This is because they usually settle any disputes on their own by giving food to one another or by killing the offending party.The beliefs that they have affect the lack of political organization needed. Their main idea i s to be as self-sufficient and independent as possible that is the egalitarian society. When a member of the household becomes sick all the other members have to live with the same food restrictions to help the sick person recover (Rival, 1998). Relatives that live in a different house do not share the same food restrictions. Members usually share illnesses when living in the same house. There is natural medicine made from various plants to help with certain diseases and for birth control.Illnesses have become worse since the Huaorani have made contact with the outsiders. The outsiders brought new diseases that they have never experienced before. These diseases have hurt and even killed many of them because they refuse help from the outsiders and they themselves do not have the cures for them. The Huaorani have had changes in their social life delinquent to the outsiders taking much of their land. They have had to run deeper into the rainforest in order to remain free. By doing thi s their life changed because they had to give up some of the land that they once used for daily life.However, they still laugh and fraudulence among each other. They still enjoy the company of their kin and make the best of their life. The outsiders have brought out the get through in them by angering them, which led to deaths of outsiders in order for them to protect their own way of life. Beliefs and values that are shared and practiced by the Huaorani are very important. Their beliefs are directly affected by their horticulturalist life style, in that they are all about sharing and taking care of their kin. They have ceremonies for important maturity stages such as becoming an adult, preparing for marriage, and the wedding itself.They values that they have are being true and taking care of their own. They do not value material items because they do not need them. Without their beliefs and values they would have nothing. Huaorani economy is all about sharing among the sub settle ment members. They are all about sharing meat, berries, and other necessities. Adults share with each other and help one another when gathering food. Children go out with the adults and gather food also, and they bring it back to the house to share with everyone. Everyone works together in the household to ensure that no one lacks what they need to survive.They also defend their home together so that no harm comes to their family. Everyone in the household will have food to eat because the food collected by one member is shared with all. They do not however share with members of a different sub settlement because they have no reciprocity between them. This is just not a common thing for them. If they did give food and then got nothing in return it would cause a war between the two settlements. The future of the Huaorani looks very gloomy in my opinion. They have been through so much in the past thirty years, and who knows how much more they can endure.If the oil companies continue t o take over more and more of the rainforest then the Huaorani will soon have nowhere left to hunt. Without the government rest by their word and keeping a certain amount of land secure for them they will surely come to their demise. Their cultural safety is in harm due to the continued desires for the oil rich vulgarism that they depend on for their livelihood. In conclusion the Huaorani people are a semi-nomadic horticulturalist society that has little need for political organization, and gender relations and kinship are affected by their egalitarian social system.Their horticulturalist lifestyle affects every aspect of their daily life to include kinship, gender relations, and social organization. Everything in their daily life is affected in some way by their beliefs and cultural practices. Without their kinship there is no way that they would be able to survive as a people. Their lack of political organization may be a bad thing for them given their current state with the out siders continually taking over more of their land.

Privatization Study Essay

Privatisation bear be defined as the overtone or total transfer of property of responsibility from the common sector ( governing body) to the private sector (business) or private persons. Privatization can include the transfer of responsibilities and not solely change of self-command. Privatisation consists of simply the transfer of entirely or any of three kinds of property rights from the state to the private sector ownership rights, operating rights and study rights since these constitute the close to common type of privatisation. In general privatisation has been belowtaken as one of the reform measures to slash presidential bound role in the parsimoniousness and broaden the role of the private sector. Privatization can similarly be utter to be a process of asset divesture. It is seldom asked, what does privatization seeks to accomplish in the Caribbean? It must be understood that privatization is seen as an instrument working towards supply side improvement by the promotion and allocation of to a great extent than efficient resources and short term stabilization through expenditure reduction. Privatization initiatives atomic number 18 now a current occurrence in most Caribbean countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Belize, Jamaica, and Trinidad & Guyana to name a few. It has shown that most privatization activities took calculate in Latin America & the Caribbean between the period 1988 and 1993 this region accounted for more than half the total privatizations in the Third dry land. Most privatization initiatives take place in the utility companies of the Caribbean. In case of Belize (electricity, water, port spot and the sugar cane factory). governing body activity activity in many of these Lesser Developed Countries embraces privatization as an attachment to the World Bank and the Intertheme Monetary Fund. These institutions stress and maintain that privatization is the main driving force towards economic ease and self-sustaine d growth.The objectives of Privatisation can happen either directly or indirectly. The main objective of privatization is placing emphasis on improving the efficiency of political relation have/ semi-owned establishments, whether retained or divested. some(prenominal) objectives are to Improve the in operation(p) efficiency of enterprises that are currently owned or semi owned by administration, and their contri exception to the national economy in terms of reliability of deliin truth,quality and price introduce competition in areas under monopoly Reduce the burden of semi/owned government enterprises on the Government budget (direct) an example is say in the re- privatization of Air Jamaica by the Government. (The Government of Jamaica initiated re-privatization process due to the airlines change magnitude pecuniary losses and the restructuring needed to face the challenges of new foodstuff conditions. The privatization of the airline was a top priority and assiduous the International Finance Corporation as its Lead Advisor)(The KED Group Research) raise tax revenue opposing to make up taxes on citizens (direct)Expand the private sectors role in the economy, permitting the Government to concentrate more on its cosmos resources and roles Encourage wider public population in the ownership and charge of business win industrial growth attract foreign investments Some other objectives can be classifies as substitute objectives such as creating a more market-oriented economy to gain access to the foreign markets and technology opus promoting the development of the capital market and preserving self-reliance. there are said to be three major areas which privatization is anticipate to impact. Firstly theres Efficiency, secondly theres reduction of fiscal burden of the government and thirdly the ability to enhance private sector growth and activity to promote economic majority rule through the participation of national assets ownership. In the Caribb ean, privatization is expected to have a positive impact on productive efficiency. This is a dissolving agent of the in-efficiencies that have plagued the public enterprises. It is said that as a result of non-competitiveness these enterprises corrupt production inputs, they enjoy privileges of subsidiary capital and some social welfare. Shareholders do not scrutinize management performance so there is no incentives to maximize profit and sully cost. Some problems that leads to privatization of government enterprises organism in-efficient are over- staffing, management incompetence and low employee productivity. These are made into undesirable situation due to the step in of governments non-economic ends such as non-competitive pricing and employment maximization. When privatized efficiency is expected to yield damp management operations. In order to meet the other area of maximizing revenue and reducing the monetary burden on government enterprises Privatization is computeed one of the most directive and effective ways whereas government cheats public enterprises.Not all asset exchanges is indeed a reduction in budget deficit, it is a short term measure of correction. It was in the early 1980s in the Caribbean that revealed most countries found it catchy to provide counterpart funding for projects. Due to governments commitment to provide funding for these projects resulted in the economy to flicker and ca single-valued function a burden on government resources. The growth of the expenditure exceeded the growth of revenue resulting in some countries to privatize. Privatization stimulates private sector growth. It seems to be beneficial as the private sector is constantly evolving. Privatization also sparks development of entrepreneurship by promoting economic democracy by participation of ownership of national assets. This can be seen in Belize with the telecommunication provider BTL. This phoner was bought and shares were sold to the public, givi ng them some ownership in the company. In the Caribbean, public enterprises were established because the private sector fell short to supply and demand because they werent uncoerced to take the risk of high investment. Privatization of these public assets took place to attract foreign investment, government had to remove the restrictions of market access and the protection of state owned enterprises so that private investors would have been encourage to invest and overturn monopoly. This increased the foreign investment in the Caribbean. In Belize a similar situation of taking a risk and some monopoly to an extent can be seen in the privatization of the water company. CASCAL the foreign investor had problems when government had already invested in the utility company but was said to have not express the overvaluing of the company which yielded a more long term debt. Nevertheless CASCAL invested over $70 million USD into the company.Privatization of an enterprise or government own entity can be done in many ways. Some organizations use not just now one regularity both sometimes some(prenominal) means for privatization. These methods of privatization are adopted found on the objectives of the enterprise such as financial position or the structure of the market. Some forms or methods of privatization can be stated as Sale of Equity, Sale of Assets, Concession/ Lease Agreement, Management Contracts, Franchising. In Belize the most common form is Sales of Equity and Sale of Assets. Sale of Equity refers to the transfer of equity ordinarily done by the selling of shares. The government usually decides on what percentage to keep and what to sell. Once government decides on theissue, the form of public offering or private placement of these shares can take place. ordinarily in large financially sound enterprises the public offering method is more attractive to government. The Belize telecommunication privation is a great example of how government took the pu blic offering method and offered the Belizean public to deprave shares into the company. Belize Telecommunication Ltd was the first privatization in Belize 1989 when British Telecom bought 25% of the shares. In 2001 Carlisle Holdings committed and increase BTL shareholdings to 52% with a $50 million investment. In 2004 Carlisle Holdings sold its shares back to the Government, which then resulted in the government to sell its shares plus the shares acquired from Carlisle to Innovative Communication Cooperation. Innovative communication Cooperation couldnt pay for its share in 2005 which caused the government to take back 52% majority shares and sold it to private entities. In 2007 all rights and assets were transferred to Belize Telemedia Limited and the Government became the owner of majority of shares, the remaining shares were offered to the public which builds up 908 small shareholders.This is one company that basically use the sale of equity method. When using method of sales o f assets, the basic concept is the direct sale of a public enterprises assets to a private investor or a group of investors. This would occur in a very competitive manner where government would try to receive the best price through an auction or tender process. Belizes only sugar cane processing facility Belize edulcorate Industries Limited was under negotiations for privatization due to BSI running into financial problems following allegations of mismanagement and bad investments in an allied electrical generation project BELCOGEN Ltd. The government first attempted to promote the sale of BSI to Honduras Banco Atlntida but this failed. A purchase offer was made by the Belize cane farmers, who is the major suppliers of the factorys sugar cane, was not entertained with much interest by the government. The sale was offered to the U.S. Company American Sugar Refinery. This privatization was solely the sale of asset no shares were offered to public and the factory is solely managed by a foreign company but still retains the employees being Belizeans. American Sugar Refinery, assuming the entire debt of BSI, will become the beneficiary of surplus shares issued by BSI so that at the end of the day there will be something like 78 to 22 per cent ownership. ASR will in fact hold themajority shares and the other 22% representing the positive workers of BSI. This act of privatization in Belize was a direct result, as BSI was in debt of 30 million and couldnt repay.The government was forced to privatize at the same time act in best interest for the 90% of cane farmers that is the driving force for the sugar industry in Belize. There are other methods such as contracting/ franchising. This mostly happens when the government cannot take on the responsibility in work such as road construction and maintenance, machinery repair garbage collection (Belize Waste Control) and wellness services (such as Belize Dry Cleaners contract to heat wash all hospitals bedding etc.) thi s relinquishes all duties and services from the public sector to the private sector. This was also evident in The Jamaican privatisation planme which began in the early mid-eighties with the divestment of public services which were burdening on fiscal resources of the government. These services were garbage collection services, parks and markets, and public cleansing. There is also the management contract method which solely involves hiring private sector to manage government enterprises for a special fee. This method entails the management responsibility only and does not involve the transfer of personnel. The final method is concessions and guide agreement this method is used when government does not want to transfer complete ownership of an entity. Privatization of enterprises would be mostly natural resources or infrastructural. While government retains ownership, the private operator is responsible for craved improvement and management. Private investors may have an option t o purchase the company after the agreements end. Privatization in the Caribbean countries was said to be influenced by the deteriorating financial state of the countries except for Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago which privatized their enterprises to undergo a structural adjustment program with the International lending Institutions.As in example with Grenada and Dominica which privatized for their own structural reform to reverse the deteriorating financial state. In Grenada their reform was organized by the Caribbean Development bank and aim was to privatised state owned enterprises to wither the arrears of debts and contributions and focus on fiscal reform. In Dominica privatization was through the public sector enterprise reform that was based on the privatization of the Dominica electricity Services. In Jamaica privatization came into act in the 1980s when the government atthat time, wanted to avoid their role in the economy. On board with privatization efforts were the Inter national Monetary Fund and The World bank which disbursed several loans to the government of Jamaica divestment agenda. Some divestments included cleaning public facilities, operations of public markets which was done through the lease agreement and management contract method which gave private entities control. Privatization took flight in 1985 when shares offering was done by the National Commercial Bank acquiring 51 percent of the governments equity. Privatization in a whole is said to have both positive and negative impacts depending on the way it is carried out and for the consumption the governments seems deemed. Advantages or potential benefits of Privatisation are that it improves efficiency. Private companies have a profit incentive to cut be and be more efficient.When working for an industry that is managed or run by government, managers do not usually share profits. However, a private firm is interested in making profit and so it is more likely to cut costs and be effic ient. A simple example of this is the British Airways have shown degrees of meliorate efficiency and higher profitability. Privatization also allows for the lack of political interference. It is said that most governments are motivated by political pressures rather than sound economic and business sense. They may employ too many workers which is wasteful and might be government may be reluctant to get rid of the workers because of the negative promotional material involved in job losses. Therefore, state owned enterprises often employ too many workers increasing inefficiency. There may be instances when its beneficial for government when there just thinking in terms of until the next election. This is called the short term view. Government may be unwilling to invest in infrastructure improvements which will benefit the firm in the long term because they are more refer about projects that give a benefit before the election. Shareholders apply pressure to private entities if they are inefficient. These companies could be threatened by a takeover. Another beneficial aspect is increased competition privatisation of state owned monopolies allow more firms to enter the industry and increase the competitiveness of the market. One of the major competitions in the Caribbean would be telecommunication. In Belize, the Belize Telecommunication Limited was under monopoly which gave rise to a new competitor namely Speednet (SMART).However, privatisation doesntnecessarily increase competition, it depends on the nature of the market. The last prefer is that government will raise revenue from the sale. This could be seen in the water and sewerage authority in Trinidad & Tobago, the flour mills, the steel company and assets of PETROTRIN which raised(a) over $542.4 million USD for the Trinidadian Government in 1999. Also in Trinidad the British West Indian Airline under privatization had a profit of 2.04 million USD as compared to the previous loss of 25.6 million USD. In Jamaica about 50% of public enterprises has gained overall benefits of privatization. According to the National Investment Bank of Jamaica from since the privatization process from 1981, the government proceeds have been over $300 million USD. Privatization also increased the employment in the country field, hotels which have increased by 85% due to aggressive market strategies and telecommunications as a result job losses were lessened. Also public cleaning and garbage collection has improved. (Stone 1992). This also shown that by one hundred fifty% employment was increased. In Guyana, the privatization of the Telephone & Telegraph Company Ltd. Has increased the number of subscribers from 21,000 to 53,600 and have improved services and quality. (Tyndall 1995) Privatization may also have its disadvantages which can mostly occur when there is a monopoly in an industrial firm. It is better to have a public monopoly rather than a private monopoly which can exploit the consumer. Some disadvantages are when privatization happens for public interest.Many industries which perform an important public service such as health care, education and public transport is not profit driven. In these industries, the profit motive shouldnt be the primary objective of firms and the industry. In the case of health care, it is feared privatising health care would mean a greater priority is given to profit rather than patient care. The Problem of regulating private monopolies, such as the water companies and rail companies (as in Jamaica) is another disadvantage of privatization. Regulation is needed to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Therefore, the government still need to have regulatory power or state ownership. As in the advantage of short term view when government is looking only towards the next election and trying to minimize public investment the private entity can swing this around and do the same. This would be called short termism of firms which would be also a disadvan tage. Private owned entities would or may seek to increase short term profits to shareholdersand avoid long term investment. In privatization of a company its not evermore in the best favour of the public citizens. In some case privatization of a utility company have caused price increase in the service they provide. It is always hard for government to reacquire these companies after privatization. A typical example in Belize of a privatization went wrong was under the PUP government. They privatized the Port of Belize to a so call crony of the party. This was clearly not in best interest of the people or country. chthonian government ownership the port was serving Belize as well as Southern Mexico.Today not even Belizeans are fund of using the port due to the lower prices and services offered by neighbouring ports as Honduras and Guatemala. Privatization was been around in the Caribbean from the early 1980s and has gain over ten years solid recognize and now evolving as the lear ning process continues. What is clear is that government has been more interested in the economy rather than letting the private sector take over. Is has shown that through studies in Jamaica and proper consultation, privatization has caused a very beneficial change in the country. A consensus must be must be initiated with the society at large for any privatization program to be successful or beneficial. Privatization has its pros and cons and any government in the Caribbean should consider if privatization is the best option, not just for political gain but for the benefit of its people. Although sometimes some countries are driven or force into privatization to help the rescue them from their financial burdens, there must be a privatization structure and team in place so as to have the government not selling out and causing its people to suffer. With the proper assessment and consulting privatization can be a way earlier for developing Caribbean countries.REFERENCESsiteresources .worldbank.orgrichardbernal.net/Privatization_in_the_English-Speaking_Caribbean dbankjm.com/privatisationpdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABL654ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.economictimes.indiatimes.comwesternbelizehappenings.blogspot.comhttps//www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/geographywww.guardian.bz/indexwww.belizetelemedia.netwww.internationallawoffice.com/newsletterswww.caricom.org/jsp/community/donor_conference/preferences.pdf