The Resource Based View Of Wal Mart Management Essay

The Resource Based View Of Wal Mart counsel EssayThe broad grocerying environs of an nerve consists of the intra-organisational forget treats amongst its internal component parts, as in any eccentric the external, assorted and inter- connect environmental factors that are referred to as the external macro-environment (Lancaster Reynolds, 2001).Michael Porters adamant model states that whilst criteria resembling location, land, cranch and magnitude of local anaesthetic population are convention wholey considered to be influential in shaping competitive advantage, the accredited competitive event field advantages are obtained by factors like strategy, organisational structure, air rivalries and contender, and related ancillary industries (Proctor, 2002).Hofstede, in his study of world(pre nominated) cultures found that cultures comprise of rituals, observes, symbols and heroes and that the rudiments of cultural differences amidst organisational culture f emite d from fin proportionalitys of national culture, (Hofstede, 2001), namely (a) occasion distance, (b) Un indisputablety avoidance, (c) individualism, (d) long-term orientation and (e) masculinity (Vinken, Soeters, Ester, 2004).The bigger macro environment, astray referred to as the PESTEL analytical modeling, concerns political, economic, societal, technological, environmental and juristic factors, whose compendium helps in scrutinising and pin summiting the ascertain of such environmental forces on organisations (Gray, 1999, P 12). Ritzer (1996) concludes that whilst remonstrating and opposing McDonaldisation is potentially worthwhile, the coming(prenominal) of added McDonaldisation appears inevitable (Alfino, Caputo, Wynyard, 1998).The resource-based view (RBV) substances into intra-industry heterogenic organisations and contends that firms are distinctive packets of resources and capabilities providing the foundation for gaining competitive advantages it conveys that o rganisations should leverage these self- take away resources horizontal in unstructured worldwide markets (Fahy, 1996). The RBV states that competitive advantage from resources female genitalia be light upond precisely if such resources are precious and enable the exploitation of an external opportunity or the counteracting of a threat (Fahy, 1996).A nonher deprecative characteristic of resource is rarity, which is inherently the key to heterogeneity, i.e. competitors should not nonplus or be able to access similar resources constraining competitive advantages (Fahy, 1996). The full of life condition of imperfect or limited mobility of resource must be further satisfied imperfect resources that render competitive advantages must not be tradable amongst competitors (Fahy, 1996). Finally, the resource should be imperfectly imitable (Barney, 1991) or as per Peteraf (1993), render several ex-post restrictions to the opposition (Fahy, 1996).Stalk, Evans and Schulman (1992) bank that Wal-Marts produce, leading to its market supremacy, vests in its droll logistics competencies, which underline the magnitude of capabilities as latent ca utilises of competitive advantage their cross-docking coordination scheme makes certain that merchandise between devil loading docks is transported in not more than than forty eight hours (Fahy, 1996). This has upbeated Wal-Mart not only in pungent cost of disdains, and thereby improving margins, by 2 to 3 percent, neertheless excessively in minimising the stemma levels (Fahy, 1996), go awaying capital cycle and absorb costs. The above dust is therefore, seen to be immensely beneficial in mensurate generation done cost reducing and thereby in universe a source of competitive advantage since it satisfies all requisite criteria (Fahy, 1996).The cross-docking system is rare. As it is resource based in terms of the joint employ of personnel, delivery vehicles and transportation and communication system s, it satisfies the condition of imperfect mobility (Fahy, 1996). It is as healthy hugely complicated and thus difficult for competitors to reproduce, vis-a-vis the requisite coordination and communication between vendors, diffusion centres, sales depots and outlets it is this intrinsic ability to raise high barriers to imitation that outmatchows Wal-Mart with competitive advantage (Fahy, 1996).The advanced management methodologies underlined by the current advances in applied science now permit the availability of customised merchandise on galvanic pile scales such mass customisation arises from the collocation of dual Japanese systems of flexible manufacturing, or lean production system, and holdable marketing systems (Yasumuro, 1993),(Alfino, Caputo, Wynyard, 1998).Wal-Mart is macrocosm able to getrfully utilise its resources and competencies in establishing sustained competitive advantage, with appropriate and feature industry of Porters Diamond model with PESTE L methodologies and RBV theory, in order to cater to variable, disparate and localise merchandise p authors, desires and requires of their nodes.Question 2In May, 2006, Wal-Mart announced the sale of all its 16 South Korean stores, and shortly thereafter, in July of the similar year, the sale of its German operations to Metro A.G. after eight long time of effort to try to make the line of reasoninges profitable (Depamphilis, 2009). Unlike its remarkable success in getting it right on its home turf, Wal-Mart could not adapt to the regulatory and cultural differences, as well as the strong labour unions, in Germany (Depamphilis, 2009). The intensity of the German competitors in offering very low price points across product categories and the consumers thrift and prudence was as well as for the most part underestimated by the telephoner (Depamphilis, 2009). Various factors like (a) the German shoppers perverse perceptions regarding clerks liberation groceries, (instead of th emselves, as per their habitual practice), (b) legal tussles with employees over Wal-Marts policies against employee-supervisor liaisons, (c) the corporations inability to proffer all-inclusive obtain hours or to sell below cost, (beca consumption of German regulations), and (d) its inability to consume cost reductions beca hire of strong unionism, contributed in making the guilds German venture a big mistake (Depamphilis, 2009).Wal-Mart forayed into Korea with the acquisition of 4 units, in 1999, from the Metro owned Dutch orbit named Macro (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). Korea is a comparatively established market with the local Emart being the leader in the sell marketplace (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). Emart was do an acquisition offer by Wal-Mart, which it rejected (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). The company was in like manner cautioned by Emart that with Korea being a localised market with very specific customer pick outs and wants, Wal-Marts size and its status as the largest world(pren ominal) retail merchant would not be very relevant in achieving competitive advantage in the Korean marketplace (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). Wal-Mart entered the market with a bang but could never gain prominence after seven-spot years it sold its stores (ironically) to Emart and exited the market (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010).In China, on the anformer(a)(prenominal) hand, the company progressed well. Avoiding major blunders, it has been able to achieve the right mix of localisation of store formats and merchandise mix (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). Chinas high heterogeneity, with regard to its peoples habits and wants are similar to that of any other developing sparing (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). It has laboured hard to become an esteemed retailer in China, even as it is still too early in the country to name its full potential (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). This is important because China and India are at the centre of Wal-Marts orbicular ambitions for Asia (Depamphilis, 2009). Wal-Mart reckons China as a solitary large market, whereas its more successful French competitor Carrefour considers China as a cluster of regional or local markets Wal-Mart has a centralised sourcing and distribution centre unlike Carrefour (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). The Chinese prefer to corrupt refreshed poultry and meat hence the quest for local sourcing to be swift and smarter rather than being centrally sourced (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010).Wal-Mart in China assists local retailer businesses to improve their functioning and service standards in order to integrate unwrap with the local economies (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Its perseverance in localisation of procurement creates more business enterprise opportunities, reposes trust in local producers, and helps in sustaining local economies (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Wal-Mart treats its Chinese vendors as partners in development. Practically 95% of the goods sold by the company are locally produced by almost 20,000 suppliers (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Wal-Marts journe y in China has been pregnant with many challenges, primarily due to the Ameri toilette retailing methodologies followed by the organisation (Gopalkrishnan, 2009).The singular differentiator between Wal-Marts strategies and Carrefours more entrenched adjustment to the Chinese environment lies in it appreciation of and response to local culture and consumer demeanour (Gopalkrishnan, 2009). In China the company possibly require to understand that different Chinese shoppers would possibly be better served by decentralised operations, combined with simultaneous leveraging of its competitive advantages of low prices, quality, and technologically superior logistics (Gopalkrishnan, 2009). works together with local partners within the regulatory framework and cultural beautify is a critical lesson that appears to have been absorbed and espoused in advancing its Chinese retail footprint (Gopalkrishnan, 2009).Wal-Mart, by exiting the German market, (post the $ 1 billion pre-tax bottom-line hit), and retreating from the Korean marketplace, conveyed to its stakeholders the lessons it go throught on (a) the importance of appreciating cultural and environmental differences in new markets and (b) the need to focus sharply on profitability and returns in its worldwide investiture funds and growth strategy (Workman, D., 2006).Question 3The widely used PESTEL framework represents an analytical methodology for evaluating the milieu in which individual organisations or industries operate, work and are managed such an analysis aids in methodically focusing upon and assessing the meet of various environmental forces, namely those that are political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental and legal in nature, upon business organisations or particular industrial segments (Gray, 1999, P 12).The Wal-Mart stem scrupulously operates within the political and legal frameworks in all the countries in which it operates such a strategy can often lead to the proceeds of serious challenges, as in Germany where local regulations did not permit the company to extend the weekend hours or to sell below cost (Depamphilis, 2009). The companys enlargement into different nations are also dependent on local political conditions and governmental and local regulations, as illustrated by Wal-Marts unsuccessful foray in Indonesia, where it needed the support of Suhartos nedeucerk to ensure continuance of operations (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). apart from such factors organisations have to deal with copious local laws regarding labour and complaisant welfare other trading regulations also affect business operations and need to be complied with, by organisations, their employees and their participating associates.Ecological challenges with regard to environmental certificate and use of green production methodologies also need to be diligently targeted above minimum statutory requirements and achieved Wal-Mart projects itself as a sustainability leader and inco rporates battle of all internal and external associates and partners in setting targets for fulfilment of their faculty needs (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Its environmental and green objectives are targeted to be achieved by dint of great use of renewable sources, encouraging use of environmentally friendly products and operative towards zero waste (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Catastrophic events and fluctuating weather patterns can also challenge operational efficiencies (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).Most international retail players have at one time or another felt the need to factor in challenges relating to country specific general economic conditions, disposable incomes of shoppers, purchase patterns and preferences, cost of goods and labour, interest and currency exchange rates, customer debt levels, credit availability and history, fuel and energy prices, insurance costs, et al. (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Economic challenges, particularly in forays into fledged markets, include top-line protection, sustained profitability and gold flows these challenges assume critical proportions, not only due to the intense rivalry and competition in the retail turf, but also due to wafer thin margins and the fairly long motherhood design involved in setting up just-in-time inventory and logistics, and best in class infrastructure.The socio-cultural norms of no two nations are alike. This poses immense challenges in conforming to local practices and customs and therefore requires diligent and sustained efforts in satisfying cultural needs inadequate attention to cultural needs has led to numerous retail failures across the globe Germany and Korea represent two cases of different cultures that Wal-Mart failed to tackle appropriately (Depamphilis, 2009). Another case in point is the heterogeneous nature of the Chinese population, which mandates local rather than centralised sourcing (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). assorted cultural environments prevail even within small countries, on the lines of geographic or other divisions, demanding adherence by business to disparate cordial and cultural norms.Retail forays into new international marketplaces need implementation of contemporaneous technology for competitivenessing the inherently competitive nature of the industry. Wal-Mart and other major retail players are using RFID (Radio oftenness Identification) technology for product tagging and coding to combat the logistics challenges for procuring, moving, stacking and selling ever increasing volumes and varieties of merchandise across geographies and continents (Stoler, 2006).Additional risks that Wal-Mart could be exposed to in its world(prenominal) businesses could emerge from monetary and monetary policies and ostentation rates of its host countries, political, social and economic instability, adverse tax consequences, and, inter alia, difficulties in enforcing IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights) in non-US countries (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).The mitigation of these challenges and risks essentially lie in diligently adapting to local country-specific and region-specific norms and regulations and in synergising them with proprietary best-in-class expertise in technology and logistics. Such stratagems are required for the progression of glocalisation or transnational objectives and increase of economic and sustainable growth.Question 4The management of the Wal-Mart conglomerate employs numerous measures for evaluation of corporate performance, the chief among them being (a) total sales, (b) operating income, (c) comparable with(predicate) store sales, (d) diluted income per share from continuing operations, (e) return on investment and (f) free cash-flow (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).The total sales for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2010, clocked in at $ 401.2 million compared to $ 374.3 million for the previous year, registering a 7.2% growth, following a 8.6% growth in the previous 2008 fiscal (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). Such enhancement in net sales resulted from diverse acquisitions, store sales additions, and the worldwide intricacy of business (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).The efficacious management and leveraging of expenses of the company can be measured by operating income, which rose by 3.95 % in fiscal 2009, against an increase of 7.1% in the previous year this occurrence occurred primarily because of Internationals adverse impact from foreign currency conversion rates, (amounting to $ 2.3 billion) and the Sam high societys marginal percent decrease, due to increases in operating and overhead expenses (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).Introducing new stores leads necessarily to reduction in sales of existing stores in the vicinity as per revise capital efficiency computation methodology, the adverse approximate impact on current store sales was 1.1% and 1.5% in fiscals 2009 and 2008 respectively this impact get out abate in future due to think reduction in opening of new stores (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).The diluted income fro m continuing businesses increase from $ 3.16 in fiscal 2008 to $ 3.35 per share in fiscal 2009, consequent to income enhancements, combined with repurchase of swell quantum of weighted average shares. The corresponding figure for fiscal 2007 was $ 2.92 diluted income per share (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).The Return on Investment (ROI), a critical measurement mother fucker for assessment of efficiency of deployment of assets by the organisation, stood at 19.3% for fiscal 2009 and 19.6% for fiscal 2008. close to of this decrease occurred because of the investment in Chile and the settlement of workers class put to death lawsuits (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).Free cash flows are net cash flows made obtainable by continuing operations for a period, less the outflows made for purchase of equipment and property during such period, and reflect the capability of organisations to engender additional cash flows from various business segments Wal-Marts free cash flows increased from $ 5.7 to 11.6 bi llion finished fiscals 2008 and 2009 respectively (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).A scrutiny of the 5 year financial info reveals that organisational sales increased from $ 281.5 million in fiscal 2005 to $ 401.2 million in fiscal 2009, representing a 42.5% absolute increase (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).A further analysis of the financials reveals that overall net sales fruition per square footage increased by 1.7% from $ 428.2 to $ 435.7 between fiscals 2007 and 2009 respectively (Wal-Mart Group, 2010). It is also important to throwaway that for the Wal-Mart US segment, (which contributed 63.7% of the overall net sales for fiscal 2009), the net sales realisation increased by 3.6% from $ 418.8 to $ 434.0 per square foot between fiscal 2007 and 2009. The average realisation per store in the US increased from $ 65.73 to $ 69.95 million, representing an increase of 6.4% over the alike(p) period (Wal-Mart Group, 2010).The above performance analysis of Wal-Marts business segments, vis--vis its str ategies, reveals that the group should be able to continue to successfully overcome or sidestep the challenges it must inevitably face in future, considering its worldwide span of operations in 15 diverse global territories. The companys financials reveal that the strength of its balance pall will continue, barring major risks, to supplement its resources either year in achieving its strategic objectives for the benefit of its stakeholders.Question 5Wal-Mart forayed into the global marketplace, with the opening of the Sams Club in Mexico, in the 1990s, to revitalise its constrained house servant sales growth this diversification yielded immense results in terms of growth, in some(prenominal) revenues and earnings, especially after appropriate changes in the companys international strategy were effected in 1999 (Wal-Mart Group, 2007). The company thereafter entered, (in quick succession), Puerto Rico in 1991, Canada in 1994, brazil-nut tree and Argentina in 1995, and China in 199 6 (Wal-Mart Group, 2007). The subsequent ingress into the UK through the purchase of ASDA, as well as into Japan through Seiyu, furthered its global operations (Wal-Mart Group, 2007).The graduation part of the companys three-pronged strategy, to unlock the value in their global business, addressed portfolio optimisation in making of correct investments, dissociating from unsuccessful investments, and growing both organically and inorganically (Wal-Mart Group, 2007). The second leg of this international strategy, fit to Mitch Slape, Wal-Marts (International Business Development) Vice President, is to leverage global markets to add value through use of all of Wal-Marts resources, competencies, and associations, (Wal-Mart Group, 2007). The year 2007 saw the addition of the third dimension of their strategy, namely, to be triumphant in each of the geographical areas of operation and to have a unique position for eventual generation of value for shareholders. The company, to achieve th is, continues to be fixated on the local consumer, relocate know-how, and grow the best international and local talent to enable leveraging the global scale (Wal-Mart Group, 2007).The competition amongst retail companies on the basis of local market power and local scale establishes the branding, cost composition and recall presence for the customer, in all countries Wal-Mart hurt itself sorely whenever it did not adhere to this principle (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). With most of the customers, to the first Mexican Wal-Mart store, commuting by buses instead of cars, the companys large Americanised parking-lot was piled up with shopping carts at the end that was closer to the bus stop (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). The product categories and inventories bosomy were attuned to American needs, e.g. golf balls for the lower income level customers (Mahajan-Bansal, 2010). Wal-Mart learnt quickly from these initial and relatively minor errors and bounced back to achieve remarkable success (Mahajan-B ansal, 2010).Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) aver that the organisation must manage itself to realise the synergies of global assimilation and national receptiveness and learn to thrive in the global arena (Fahy, 1996). In terms of wherewithal, such a theory connotes that the organisation should depend not only on the parent organisations resources (global assimilation) or on the resources of the local company (national receptiveness) but must equally highlight both it must also effectively ensure two-way transfer of learning between both the companies (Fahy, 1996).Although numerous authors assert the pursuit of a global strategy on the foundation of the industrys internationalisation prospects (Porter 1986 Yip, 1989), there is a divergent view that companies need to merge both the local and global dimensions this combination is occasionally cognise as localisation (Main, 1989) (Fahy, 1996). Translated, the transnational solution advocates that global business players take over the or ganisational resources and competencies of both the host and the home country (Fahy, 1996).The primary and widely real reason for Wal-Marts success in China, as also in the other countries it has forayed into concerns its ability to, over time, acclimatise its operational, merchandising and marketing stratagems to enable their juxtaposition with the host countrys culture. The pursuit of such a transnational, or glocalisation strategy, has led to the company becoming an entrenched transnational retail player. Wal-Mart has successfully implemented its intended stratagems in growing from one international retail store in 1991 to over 3000 stores in 2007 in 13 non-US markets under 50 diverse banners with almost 600,000 associates or employees offering goods and services to 49 million consumers every week, it has been growing at a compound rate of 24.7% per annum for the last seven years (Wal-Mart Group, 2007).Question 6Globalisation has ensured enormous wealth human beings worldwide o ver the last two decades. The unprotected and saturated domestic markets of business organisations have forced them to cross their national borders (Stoler, 2006) this global competition has wrought considerable internal and external benefits to businesses and societies across the world.The direct benefit of quantitative growth has profited Wal-Mart in two critical areas, the first being the considerable economies of scale that Wal-Mart has been able to garner from its worldwide buying dawdler and second, the benefits that have accrued to it from the exchange of ideas across its global operations (Wal-Mart Group, 2007). Wal-Marts volumes have helped it in extracting deeper discounts from all the local businesses of its multinational vendors, like Proctor Gamble, GE and Unilever who have their own worldwide operations (Wal-Mart Group, 2007). The flow of ideas across geographies also help in the best practices of one country being imbibed in another a case in point being the layouts of the booze departments in stores in Argentina being replicated into layouts globally (Wal-Mart Group, 2007).Technology has propelled the use of bleeding edge innovations in ensuring efficient inventory and logistics controls. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) product coding and tagging , as an alternative to bar codes, for inventory and security purposes, is already in use by large manufacturers and retailers like Wal-Mart and their worldwide vendors (Stoler, 2006). This translates into immense benefits in terms of supremely efficient global tracking, securing and movement of large volumes of merchandise containers by road, sea and air (Stoler, 2006). Wal-Marts use of its competitively advantageous cross-docking logistics system, by ensuring the movement of these tracked goods between two docking stations within forty eight hours, results in nominal inventories and substantial saving of 2 to 3 percent (Fahy, 1996). In a business where low costs and stretched margins are cruc ial, this system has generated substantial business values and market dominance (Fahy, 1996).The inimitable local and global synergies of manner of speaking together people, communication systems and modes of transportation give Wal-Mart exceptional competitive advantages (Fahy, 1996). The larger implication of the use of these technologies is in facilitating and promoting, rather than in retarding, international trade through addressing of crucial anti-terrorism and security apprehensions (Stoler, 2006). The extensive use of such technologies also implies that customers will soon be able to verify radio-tagged products, know where, when and by whom they were manufactured, the physical components and chemical procedures used in manufacture, the shipment logistics, the dietetic gist and , inter alia, their adherence to sustainable development manufacturing methodologies (Stoler, 2006). Such well informed shoppers should further the cause of superior retail management by buying mor e merchandise than they are content with (Stoler, 2006).The global commodity chain (GCC) approach of Gereffi and Korzeniewicz (1994) looks at the worldwide unification, along value and / or commodity chains, concerning consumption, distribution and production of goods (Dolan, 2004). This diagnostic tool is especially valuable in identifying the vital role that conglomerates like Wal-Mart, GAP and Nike play in managing activities in value chains (Dolan, 2004). Gereffi (1994, 1999) underlined the criticality of the so-called buyer-driven commodity chains, and argued that, in certain business sectors, the large marketers, brand-name companies, and retailers, play a central role in instituting and prodding geographically disseminated manufacturing and supplying systems, without their ownership of such systems (Dolan, 2004).The horticultural value chain pertaining to UK-Africa demonstrates numerous properties of a buyer driven commodity chain (Dolan, 2004). The supermarkets oversee the supply arrangements that cover numerous African nations and not only identify the goods but also the manners of production of such merchandise (Dolan and Humphrey, 2004) (Dolan, 2004).Such supermarkets progressively establish the manufacturing imperatives of the upstream horticultural entities and obliquely impact their assumed employment stratagems (Dolan, 2004). This enables significant and direct benefits to Wal-Mart in terms of present of disparate and locally preferred merchandise on its shelves worldwide, thereby lot it to service its customers better.Assignment 2 Individual Reflective Statement moon on (2004) avers that the stages of the reflective cycle, in the widely used Kolb cycle, (Gibbs. 1988), have been variously describe by theorists as (a) the experience, (b) identification of the necessity for a resolution of an issue, (c) interpretation of the issue, (d) reassessing and remembering, (e) re-evaluating affections / expressive stage, (f) processing of information and thoughts, (g) the ultimate resolution, likely transformation and action and (h) probable action.The Business Synoptic attempts to analyse, with the global retailer Wal-Mart, as the case study, the main issues of the frameworks used to garner competitive advantage in the global marketplace. The exercise helps in comparing the successful, or otherwise, entries into different foreign markets and in assessing the learning thus achieved, understanding the challenges and risks associated with such ventures, identifying the appropriate performance indicators for enable the analysis of performance of last five years, assessing the results of such analysis vis--vis the take strategies, examining the strategies adopted by the company, and finally deciding whether and why such strategies were and are appropriate, and how globalisation has benefited Wal-Mart.This reflective statement study draws greatly on the purchasable literatures that cover the disparate fields of marketing management , strategic management, retail management, international business, and industrial organisation economics, as also the information available on Wal-Mart in the public domain, both on and off line. The analysis involves the use of primary and secondary information available from sources like the Wal-Mart groups website and from books, magazines, journals, the media and newspapers.Whilst the period of reference for this reflective statement commences in the 1960s, when Wal-Mart was founded, the major part of the analytical period spans from the early 1990s when Wal-Mart established its first overseas venture to the five years from 2004 to 2009, for assessment of financial performance indicators. It is also pertinent to note that adequate care has been taken in making sure that the subject matter under examination is pertinent to the issues under this analysis.During the course of this study, I have found that my reflective skills have developed, though I have sometimes skipped certain stages of the reflective cycle and have revisited them later, whilst, in other cases, I have digressed tangentially and have veered away from the current topic of study. This has, over the course of the study, enabled me to delve into the multi-faceted aspects of the diverse factors, as well as the underlying processes and policies that are involved in the management of huge conglomerates. This has also enabled me to better appreciate the humungous logistics behind the everyday retail experiences of millions of shoppers, including the author, who throng the ubiquitous worldwide superstores. During the course of one such digression, I was disheartened to learn that a multinational can also be susceptible for liabilities that can arise out of the non- compliance of its adopted associates with corporate policies on contract labour.The case study revealed the complex relationships that exist between the business environment and the tactical and strategic policies implemented in busines s segments, as well as the impact and relevance of such policies in staying competitive in the international marketplace.The study also presented the author with the diverse economic, environmental and social criteria that mandated the present and prospective course of action of an organisation for maintenance of its global supremacy in the retail industry. The study of the literature further refined the importance of social and cultural influences on inter related business decisions and the resultant prosperity, market penetration and growth.The use of both quantitative and soft infor

Time Series Space Phase Qualitative Analysis and Application

clock cartridge clip Series Space Phase Qualitative Analysis and ApplicationDan CHICEA1 and Silviu REI2 abstractedness In a coherent lumi zero(prenominal)ity aspersion experiment victimisation a laser beam and a cuvette containing a suspension the hang-up field has a boiling speckle aspect. Using a sensing element and a data science system a sequence serial fuel be record. A possible definition for the space microscope stage of a while serial is defined. The statistical distribution of the velocities and the trajectory in the physique space argon analyzed both for computer simulated samples and for recordings on devil suspensions that have the reasonable constituent size measured development Dynamic clear-cut Scattering procedure. The results reveal that the distribution of the velocities and the trajectory in the phase space whoremaster be used in a qualitative way to characterize the average particle size in suspension.KEY WORDS succession serial publication , phase space, hurrying distributions, suspensions1 originIf coherent at large(p) is incident on a medium with scattering centers (SC hereafter) a non-uniformly illuminated view is obtained, currently named speckle range, having a statistical distribution of the intensity over the tour of duty field. The speckled image appears as a result of the interference of the ripplings scattered by the SC, each wavelet having a contrary phase and amplitude in each arrangement of the interference field. The image changes in time as a egress of the SC hereafter manifold exploit of both sedimentation and Brownian motion 1-3. This complex motion produces fluctuations of the image intensity in each view of the interference field, giving the aspect of boiling speckles.The speckled image can be observed either in free space and is named objective speckle or on the image plane of a stagger object illuminated by a coherent source and it is named inborn speckle in 4. The review paper 5 names the both types of speckled images as far field speckle and image speckle. In this build the objective speckle, respectively the far field speckle is considered, recorded and analysed.Although light propagation through disperse systems such as biological cells in suspensions or grouped in tissues has been studied extensively, especially development image processing techniques 6, 7 the scattering process modelling and characterization is not straightforward. record the far field fluctuations on a certain location victimization a demodulator and a data acquisition system willing produce a time series. Time series have been extensively analyzed exploitation different procedures. A widely used syndicate of procedures start with the Fourier transform to produce the power spectrum engrossment (PSD). The shape of the PSD depends of 2 parameters. Finding them using a least squares fit will impart information on the size and size distribution of the particles in suspension. vertical some of the papers that describe in detail and report results make using the above mentioned procedure, currently named Dynamic straighten out Scattering (DLS), are 8-12.An alternative procedure to analyse time series, whether produced by a detector and a data acquisition system in a light scattering experiment or extracted from a recording using a charged coupled device (CCD) 13, in a qualitative musical mode, using the patterns of the time signal in the space phase, is presented in the next section.2 SPACE PHASEThe space phase (SP hereafter) is the collection of all states for a system. A time series is actually a vector x(i), i=1n, containing the collection of value, intensity if we record a far interference field in a light scattering experiment, and n is the nub number of recorded set. Typically, the values are recorded at twin time intervals, t=1/fs, where fs is the sampling rate of the data acquisition system. We can define a speed at time t, thus correspondi ng to the value x(i) of the time series, as the variation rate of the time signal at that moment (1)We because find a play off of x(i), v(i) for each value in the time series, a total of n-1 pairs. separately pair represents a point in the 2 dimensional space, which we can define as the space phase (SP) for the time series.First a simplistic algorithm to bugger off in a realistic manner time series that were recorded during a DLS experiment was established. A time series, as results from the Fourier analysis of the recorded data 8-11, can be modelled as an overlapping of harmonic functions of different frequencies. Moreover, the smaller the particles in suspension are, the big the turnover point is 8 in the PSD. With these facts in mind, a syllabus to generate the time series with a sampling rate fs was written and used. The program generates a certain number nf (50 for the utilization reported here) of amplitudes ai in the range 1, 10 using a uniform haphazard distribution , with a random initial seed, computed using the system clock. It also generates nf frequencies fi in the range f1, f2 and initial phases i in the range 0, 2 and the vector containing the moments ti with the sought after number of values, equally spaced at t. Each value xi is computed using equation (2) (2)In 8-12 it is stated that the smaller the particles are, the bigger the frequencies are, therefore an attempt to simulate data-basedly recorded time series for different particles in suspension must have different frequency ranges. some(prenominal)(prenominal) time series were used in the simulation presented in this work and two of them were selected. We call the first s1, having the 50 frequencies generated in the range 100-200 Hz and the second s2 with the frequencies in the range 2000-2500 Hz. Each series lasted for 2 seconds and fs was ten thousand Hz, thus having 20000 values each.Figure 1A 0.5 s date of each series. The blue marches is for s1 and the red line for s2.A plan of a 0.5 s sequence of each series is presented in Fig. 1. It reveals a faster variation of the s2 time series than in s1, as expected.The SP for the two time series, s1 and s2 is presented in Figs. 2 and 3. We notice the big difference in the SP shape. S1 that contains slower fluctuations is elliptic closer to a circle for this axes range excerption while s2 that contains faster fluctuations is a extensive ellipsis.The distribution of the focal ratio values v, in SP, for the two series, each value calculated with equation (1), is presented in Fig.4. We notice the difference between the two distributions, laying in world wider for the s2 time series containing faster fluctuations. Moreover, we notice that the distribution is symmetrical in both situation and the resemblance with the Gaussian is very good.Figure 2The SP for s1.Figure 3The SP for s2.Figure 4The distribution of the amphetamine values v, in SP, for the two series. The blue line is for s1 and the red line is f or s2.3 RESULTS and discussionThe results of the qualitative analysis presented in the previous section were compared with experimental results. A water sample from a river was extracted after a grueling raining and was analyzed using the DLS procedure described in flesh out in 8 12. The DLS results reveal that the average diameter was 0.134 m. We name this time series rw1. After 24 h the sample was analyzed again and the average diameter was run aground to be 0.635 m. We name this time series rw2. The average diameter increased because the inorganic suspensions, like sand and silt, which have the biggest assiduousness and smaller diameter, became sediment, while the organic particles having the density closer to the water density remained suspended.Fig. 5 reveals the SP for the experimental rw1 time series and Fig. 6 for the experimental rw2 series having bigger particles in suspension. Examining the two imagines we notice that the SP of rw1 appears to have more(prenominal) d omains, as there are at least two groups of particles in suspension, the inorganic particles, having bigger concentration and the organic particles, which remained suspended.Figure 5The SP for rw1.Figure 6The SP for rw2.The other feature of the SP that appears to present differences was the velocity distribution. The distribution for the velocity distributions of rw1 and rw2 time series recorded during a DLS experiment are presented in Fig. 7. Examining the velocity distributions we notice that the distribution of rw2 is wider than the distribution of rw1. Moreover, we notice that the distributions cannot be viewed as simple Gaussian distributions but as a complex overlap of several distributions and this can be the result of the fact that the particles in suspension, both in rw1 and rw2 have a complex size distribution rather than a mono dispersed distribution, therefore the simple observation from Fig. 4 does not stand in all situations.Figure 7The distribution of the velocity val ues v, in SP, for the two series. The blue line is for rw2 and the red line is for rw1.4 CONCLUSIONThe SP was defined for a time series as the collection of all possible states. Several time series were generated using a computer code written for this purpose. The time series were the mettle of 50 harmonic functions with random amplitudes, phases and frequencies, the last being generated in a certain interval. Two series with frequencies in the intervals 100 200 Hz and 2000 2500 Hz were generated starting from the assumption that the frequency of the fluctuations in a DLS time series strongly depends of the suspended particle size. A scatter spell in the SP and a velocity distribution are presented for each of the two samples.The simulation reveals that the plot of the SP can give a qualitative image about the particles assumed to be in suspension. The smaller the particles are and the narrower the particle size distribution is (reflected in smaller frequency range), the more pr olonged the image in the SP is. Moreover, smaller particles (hence bigger frequencies) produce a wider velocity distribution. A narrow frequency interval produces a symmetrical distribution resembling very well a Gaussian.These qualitative conclusions are confirmed in part by the results of the same procedures applied on experimentally recorded time series during a DLS experiment. Using the two river water samples, we found the shape of the image of the SP appears to exhibit different domains if there are more types of particles in suspension. And more, the velocity distribution appears to be the sum of several distributions, on a lower floor the same circumstances.These conclusions suggest a simple procedure that can be used in monitoring the evolution of the particle size in a suspension, as in sedimentation of particles in rivers, colloid aggregation or biological fluids. The shape of the space phase and the width and shape of the velocity distribution can provide qualitative in formation on the distribution of the average suspended particle diameter. Work is scheduled to simulate the time series in a more realistic manner, considering a complex size distribution of the suspended particles.Here are mentioned the institutes from where are the authors (Style 1, times New Roman, 10 points, left, normal)R11 Professor, Ph.D., Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Physics, physical Education and Sports, University Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, Romania2 Physicist, M.S., Group Leader, Continental Automotive Systems, Sibiu, RomaniaE-mail emailprotected emailprotected5 REFERENCES- Dan Chicea, Coherent Light Scattering on Nanofluids Computer Simulation Results, employ Optics, Vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1434-1442, (2008).- Dan Chicea, A Simple Algorithm to Simulate Nanoparticles Motion in a Nanofluid, U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series A, Vol. 76, Iss. 2, pp 199-206, (2014).- Dan Chicea, Radu Chicea, Liana Maria Chicea, Using Chodin to Simulate Coherent Light Scatter ing kinetics on Biological Suspensions, Romanian daybook of Biophysics, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 157170, (2010).- Joseph.W. Goodman, Statistical Properties of Laser place Patterns, in Laser speckle and relate phenomena, Vol.9 in series Topics in Applied Physics, J.C. Dainty, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, (1984).- David Briers, Laser Doppler, Speckle and Related Techniques for Blood Perfusion Mapping and Imaging, Physiol. Meas. 22, R35R66, (2001).- David Briers, Donald D. Duncan, Evan Hirst, Sean J. Kirkpatrick, Marcus Larsson, Wiendelt Steenbergen, Tomas Stromberg, and Oliver B. Thompson, Laser speckle contrast vision theoretical and practical limitations, Journal of Biomedical Optics 18(6), 066018(1-9), (2013).- Dan Chicea, Biospeckle size of it and Contrast cadence Application in Particle Sizing and Concentration Assessment, Romanian Journal of Physics, Vol. 52, Numbers 5-7, pp. 581-587, (2007).- Dan Chicea, A Study of Nanoparticle Aggregation by Coh erent Light Scattering, Current Nanoscience, vol. 8 issue 6, pp. 259-265, 2012, doi http//dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341312800167704.- Dan Chicea, Revealing FE3O4 Nanoparticles Aggregation dynamics Using Dynamic Light Scattering, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials Rapid Communications vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1299 1305, (2009).- Dan Chicea, Nanoparticles And Nanoparticle Aggregates Sizing by DLS and AFM, D. Chicea, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials Rapid Communications vol. 4, issue 9, pp. 1310 1315, (2010).- Dan Chicea, Emil Indrea, Carmen Monica Cretu, Assesing FE3O4 Nanoparticle Size by DLS, XRD AND AFM, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced MaterialsVol 14,Issue 5-6, pp 460-466, (2012).- Dan Chicea, Revealing FE3O4 Nanoparticle Aggregation in sedimentary Suspension by Nonconventional Optical Methods, Journal of Optoelectronics And Advanced Materials Vol. 15, No. 9 10, pp. 982 988, (2013).- Dan Chicea, Application of Whole Blood Coherent Light Scattering Dynamics Analysis Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials,Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 2163-2167, (2008).6 notationThe pursuit symbols are used in this paper1ACADEMIC journal OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING, VOL. 7,ISSUE 1/2009R1Trebuie facut un review la povestea asta

Piracy in the International Film Sector

Piracy in the International Film sphere of influencethese days, folks across the world chat a lot much about the excellent exploding market attached with what sort of web buc backeering improves at heart the last the recent past tense, some preceding experiments related to the special(a) honesty, behavior in addition to digital camera plagiarisation. the research within this overcompensate forget become by means of exploring the busy movements connected with interrogative simulacrum market so that you can determine if your exploit picture possesses commenced to be open to battle within the the recent past as the fee in addition to ease of plagiarization specifically the net piracy that will improved amongst people who wipe out some(prenominal) different a long time. the net piracy will sure as shooting divided in what only elements are substantially helpful to preclude on with effect the existent accomplishment of motion pictures on this sporadic market, exami nes motion picture piracy, precisely how this quests place, plus the effects within the motion picture enterprise and lastly examines what exactly aspects of anti-piracy may be employed so that you can beat the actual propagate of piracy along with what exactly the effort may anticipate to accomplish.Within Nov associated with 1903, The actually direful Coach Robbery grew to be the 1st story movie introduced pertaining to viewers in lots of theaters throughout Nj- mod jersey (IMDB, 2008). Since then, the particular movie market has grown in explodes along with range among the most often employ pleasurable goods in the us, tugging more substantial viewers as compared to construct parks along with main sports put together (MPAA, 2007 Vogel, 1998). Within 2007, the particular world-wide land break downplace gross sales achieved $26. 7 billion dollars, a all-time substantial with the market (MPAA, 2007). This tolerant of expansion in field workplace gross sales has occurre d despite the current transfer in this market toward home movie with the advantage along with expansion associated with dish aerial technologies. At present, home word-painting lessons take into account over 50% associated with studio profits trance field workplace profits take into account with regards to 20% associated with studio profits (MPAA, 2007 Vogel, 1998). Since marketplace received their best(p) world-wide field workplace season previously in 2007 and this solely makes up with regards to 20% associated with profit, it really is clear how the leisure organization will be thriving.Inside scoot market there are cardinal methods consciousness may be lifted for that launch of the particular film advertising by the distributing company, testimonials by critics, and as salubrious as community word-of-mouth consequences. Together, several(prenominal) consumers help to make his or her binary decision to watch or maybe certainly non watch the actual film while using good q uality and also curiosity regarding ads thought of, the actual discourse regarding well known or maybe nearby critics, along with the thoughts of the relatives and buddies with already thought of the actual given film. This cyclical relationship in between success and also consciousness implies that film manufacturers want to have the ideal promotion autos. Advertising and marketing is the just distributor-controlled aspect of the actual advertising clout.Tough unpredictability at bottom the movie industry of which witout a doubt is available, it appears like there are number of aspects that can produce points more difficult, still forward 5 several days this MPAA has commenced to earnestly turn its care about the situation regarding movie piracy. This piracy regarding copyrighted supplies, which includes modified this songs industry since creation regarding Napster, has commenced to look at the obvious toll within the movie industry. At the moment, this MPAA puts most of its in itiatives in the way of life of anti-piracy action and understanding, showing a particular devotion as to the they will comprehend because major increasing danger towards the movie industry (MPAA, 2005). This 2005 trace on piracy with the MPAA simply by LEK Visiting had been a report performed above 1 . 5 years which in turn surveyed 20, sise hundred people in 25 places and experimented with approximate earnings losses depending on legitimate movie sale diminishes because the consequence of fake versions cosmos available. Given that this MPAA accounts the household package company income in with regards to $10 billion dollars and dangerous package company income in $17 billion dollars, this kind of maintain regarding $6. 1 billion dollars is often a massive recommended contact this industrys achievements.Despite the fact that study on video piracy has become tied to most of the root wordwork talked about preceding, a swell deal of study has become performed in relation to co pyright laws encroachment inner songs marketplace. There are different classes to get realized from the battling songs marketplace as caused by piracy particularly in which safeguard is crucial as well as answering and adjusting piracy in various methods is essential pertaining to intellectual property organizations when they intend on growing. The actual songs marketplace provides modified because of pirating, for instance, the widely used iTunes program permits people to be able to download personal melodies for $. 99. The actual flexibility given with the iTunes technique and also other identical songs accessing products and services get helped steer clear of the calculate associated with piracy. Nonetheless, your songs marketplace provides observed as well as documented the truly great deficits to be able to piracy, specially caused by net piracy as well as P2P hosting space. Despite the fact that a new correlation is available in between piracy pertaining to movies as well as songs, it is important to be aware your differences.In summary, this specific paper is not refuting which piracy is really a grand dilemma at heart the movie sector this investigator realizes how significant this matter will be. That said, this ascension price regarding tickets inside the package workplace shows deficiencies in fiscal work with film distributors behalves inside attempting to reduce the number of buyer cutbacks to piracy. In addition, this impression regarding a myriad of piracy may not be because substantive because proposed by the MPAA, no less than, certainly not regarding this pace in which piracy will be launched. This kind of supports passing true with regard to cam leaks, the location where the low quality on the video simply may seem to awareness this little movie emptor . Considering cam leaks have been available for 184 on the 185 films inside the Oscar Video Piracy along with Income Dataset, this film sector might want to give attention to battlin g anti-piracy inside fiscal phrases rather than just attempting to quit this, seeing as that they seem unable to stop piracy worldwide. On the other hand, this MPAAs concerns with regards to screener leaks may be additional founded operational common sense, along with just before releasing screeners with regards to films film marketers may decide to take into account how not too long ago their own movie opened inside theaters. Needless to say, film marketers are usually loathe to pass by Oscar or Academy Give possibilities, yet the benefit of this esteem along with following involvement in this movie need to be weighed from the considerable chance for profit burning to piracy.References-Vogel, H.L. (1998). Entertainment industry economic science A guide for financial analytic thinking.New York Cambridge University Press.Walls, W.D. (2005). Modeling movie success when zippo knows anythingConditional stable-distribution analysis of film returns. Journal of Cultural Economics, 29(3) , 177-190.Walls, W.D. (2008a). Cross-country analysis of movie piracy. Applied Economics, 40(4-6), 625-632.Walls, W.D. (2008b). Screen wars, star wars, and sequels Nonparametric reanalysis of movie profitability. work Paper. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from http//ideas.repec.org/e/pwa195.htmlaffiliation.Walls, W.D, Harvey, P.J. (2003). Laboratory markets in counterfeit goods Hong Kong versus Las Vegas. Applied Economics Letters, 10, 883-887.Walls, W.D., Harvey, P.J. (2008). digital pirates in practice Analysis of markettransactions in Hong Kongs pirate software package arcades. International Journal of Management, 23(3), 207-216.Waterman, D., Ji, S.W., Rochet, L.R. (2007). Enforcement and control of piracy,copying, and sharing in the movie industry. polish up of Industrial Organization,30(4), 255-289.

Influences on Achievement of Funding Goals

Influences on Achievement of Funding GoalsDonna R. LoweThe purpose of the following dissertation, A content compend of Kickstarter The influence of physical body and rewarding motivations on campaign success (Sauro) was to canvas the implications of message skeleton in determining the success or affliction of Kickstarter campaigns. The pick up also explored to what extent conditional cooperation influences the achievement of funding goals. The moot applied framing conjecture on the purpose-making process, which has significant prior inquiry but non in regards to crowdfunding. Sauro (2014) uses a definition use in a previous convey by Dr. Inge Sorenson. Crowdfunding is defined as the micro-financing of psyche projects, and is catered for online by sites like indiegogo.com, sponsume.com, crowdfunder.co.uk, pledgie.com, and kickstarter.com (Sorenson, 2012). Sauro (2014) also uses the term project-based communities meaning a unique community of early adtakeers and investor s of a new product or utility that h atomic number 53 and gather funding pledges. One hundred and twenty Kickstarter campaigns were at random selected and consumed. The key findings were broken down by look into questions. The first research question sought to uncover to what extent did the choice of framing methods ingrain success or failure of the crowdfunding campaigns. The finding was campaigns that used framing had a significantly higher rate of success as opposed to campaigns that used no framing. Out of all campaigns that were successful, 83.3% utilized a prescribed framing method, opposed to 40.8% of unsuccessful campaigns that did not (Sauro, 2014, p. 24). The finding of research question 2 suggests a strong correlation between successful campaigns and conditional cooperation measures. The study identified a relationship between conditional cooperation and donation levels at the end of set funding periods across all categorical tiers (low, medium, and high). adjunct data was also provided. Additional factors that had an impact on the probability of a successful crowdfunding campaign were identified. The findings were factors such as including a self-narrative, stating personal qualifications, and having a lower funding goal had a strong influence on the outcome. Sauro (2014) found of the campaigns that were successful, a self-narrative was present 82.0% of the time, as opposed to 62.2% when campaigns were unsuccessful (p. 29). Suggestions for nurture research included the need to use a larger sample size from all project categories and continued investigation of personal narratives influence. at that place was also a suggestion to include research on whether text-based, video-based, or combination-framing messages could be efficiently used to achieve objectives.Sauro (2014) used prospect theory and message framing as drivers for the crowdfunding donor decision-making process. Prospect theory attempts to formulate the decision-making proces s based on the way the material is presented (Sauro, 2014, p. 8). In involves a decision problem, decision maker, and a decision frame. Rational decision-makers will opt for the prospect that offers the highest expected utility (Tversky Kahneman, 1981, p. 453). Prospect theory expresses outcomes as tyrannical or negative deviations (gains and losses) with regards to an S-curve. Message framing is an important concept for crowdfunding and the study by Chun-Tuan Chang and Yu-Kang Lee (2010) was used to support Sauros dissertation. Framing is the launching of one of two different but equivalent value outcomes to decision-makers, where one outcome is presented in positive and the other in negative wrong (Chang Lee, 2010, p 197). Compliance is encouraged using framing demonstrating gains and losses. Bruno S. Frey and Stephan Meier conducted a subject field examine about charitable giving and conditional cooperation in 2004. The audition supported the theory on conditional cooper ation and found that if people sack out others are making charitable contributions, the likelihood of them making contributions increases but is dummy up linked to previous charitable airs (Frey Meier, 2004, p. 1717). People tend to compare themselves genially to others and are inclined to make charitable donations based on those they happen upon with. These works are extremely important and the foundation for understanding donor behavior while researching crowdfunding.Crowdfunding is a relatively new concept. It involves communications, fundraising, technology, and a amicable media platform. Sauros (2014) used prospect theory, framing, and conditional cooperation as factors of influence for successful crowdfunding campaigns. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (1979) true the prospect theory. Kahneman and Tverskys study Prospect Theory An analysis of decision under risk introduces one of the most quoted theories in economic psychology. real in the 1980s, the theory has had considerable impact on understanding how decisions are derived using gains and losses. The theory of framing was introduced by Erving Goffman (1974). Goffman was considered the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century (Fine Smith, 2000). Goffman wrote several books and fundamentally changed the way we think of social interactions. His work is considered unparalleled and he is extensively cited in behavioral studies. His superior contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction, which began in 1959. He studied social order, interactions, stigmas, routine transactions, serviceman behavior, etc. He was not a traditional sociologist and his work was influenced by Durkheim, Freud, Mead, Simmel, and Radcliffe-Brown (Yakkaldevi, 2013, p. 74). Albert Bandura is associated with social learning theory. accord to Bandura (1977), Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to imprecate solely on the effects of the ir own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling from observing others one forms an creative thinker of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. Bandura is well known for his famous Bobo doll experiment where children were demonstrated to learn aggression through observations and interactions (Bandura, Ross, Ross, 1961). His work is considered to be break of the cognitive revolution in psychology.ReferencesBandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York common Learning Press.Bandura, A., Ross, D. Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. daybook of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82.Chang, C., Lee, Y. (2010). Effects of message framing, vividness congruency and statistical framing on responses to charity advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 29(2), 195-220.Fine, G. A. Sm ith, G. W. (2000). SAGE Masters of young Social Thought Erving Goffman (Vols. 1-4). London SAGE Publications Ltd. inside http//dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446261545Frey, B. S., Meier, S. (2004). Social comparisons and pro-social behavior Testing conditional cooperation in a field experiment. The American frugal Review, 94(5),1717-1722.Sauro, J. J. (2014). A content analysis of Kickstarter The influence of framing and rewarding motivations on campaign success (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and These Database. (UMI No. 1556435)Sorenson, I. E. (2012). Crowdsourcing and outsourcing The impact of online funding and dispersion on the documentary film industry in the UK. Media Culture and Society, 34, 726-743. doi10.1177/0163443712449499Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1979). Prospect theory An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. doi 10.2307/1914185Tversky, A. Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297323.Yakkaldevi, A. S. (2013). Phenomenology and Enthomethodology. India Laxmi carry Publication.

The Perfect Drug :: Illegal Drugs Anti-Depressants Essays

The Perfect medicineIs money the perfect drug, a cure both pill that bequeath take away all misery, anguish, and suffering or is it an addictive depressant, move us on the downward spiral towards death? The truth of tone is that money lures us in with its appealing image, creates a dependency, and gradually rends us a soulless slave to it.And I want youAlmost all of America today is consumed by a need to attain keen riches, reputation, and worldly possessions. Everything is about what job abide be attained,who can be impressed, or what possessions we ar about to surround ourselves with.To this end, we are enraptured by a need for as much money as possible. This cancome by the means of anything from playing the lottery to investing to work at a job that we hate. Torturing ourselves to gain wealthiness and power, we volitionally accept the pains of the 8AM - 5PM day to feel a small measuring of happiness from 6PM-10PM. The high that is gained by this small increase in wealth is just enough to keep us coming back for more than, the addiction just enough to create a dependency that is both loaded and invisible. We are so captivated by the false happiness ofwealth that we fail to recognize the shallow truth of it all that we are slavesto our money. still like addicts to heroin, we cannot live without money, and we always crave more. However, just because we have more money doesnt mean that well have more to spend. We almost promptly will take any gained wealth and put it towards an increase in living style, such that our spending money remains virtually the analogous as it was whenever we had less money overall. These changes in living style are usually some material possession like a political machine that we see ourselves as needing to have. Take the example of the suburban yuppies driving most in SUVs and worse, Hummers. Are such robust vehicles really requirement for tackling the rough streets of suburbia? The obvious answer he re is no, but itmustnt be too obvious, because these types of vehicles can be seen everyday outof their intend setting. This brings up the point of their use, which is to make sure that the drivers look more almighty than anyone else around them. Whats

Sojourner Truth Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionSojourner Truth was natural in 1797, in Hurley N.Y. Sojourner was born into slain truth, and was given the name Isabella Baum innocuous. Sojourners parents, were also slaves, in Ulster county N.Y. Because slave concern was very prominent in those days, Sojourner was traded and sold many times passim her life.Sojourner ran away from slavery before the Emancipation act was published, and decided to agitate her name to Sojourner Truth. This name bares bulky meaning, because she intended on telling the justice to all people about slavery. Sojourner also wanted a unearthly name, and she felt that this name would surpass suit her purpose. Sojourner set out on her mission, to educate all people on the subject of slavery, and became a very powerful speaker. She became an influential speaker for womens rights, as well for the abolition of slavery all everyplace the country. She became famous for being the first bleak women to speak out against slavery.Sojourner died at her home in Battle Creek, lettuce on November 26, 1883. She left behind a legacy of ideas and principles for other great black leader to follow. She will always be remembered for her courage, perseverance, diligence, and patience.Her Birth And rail lineSojourner Truth, originally named, Isabella Baumfree, was born, between the years 1797. She was the daughter of James and Betsey, slaves of one Colonel Ardinburgh, Hurley, Ulster County, refreshing York. Colonel Ardinburgh belonged to that class of people called Low Dutch. Sojourner can give no number to her first master, because she was a young infant when he died. Sojourner and her parents, along with a number of other slaves, became the property of Charles Ardinburgh, son of the deceased master. She distinctly remembers earshot her father and mother say, that their lot was a prospered one, because their new master, Charles, was the best of the family, because he was very kind to his slaves. James and Betsey, by their faithfuln ess, docility, and respectful behavior, gained favoritism, and authoritative a lot of land. This land lay on the slope of a mountain, on which they managed to raise a little tobacco, corn, or flax, which they exchanged for extras, in the articles of food or clothing for themselves and children.Who was Sojourner Truth?Sojourner Truth came to Northampton in 1843 to stand up at the Northampton Association of Education and Industry, a ut... ... no mand could head me And aint I a woman.ConclusionSojourner Truth has overcome many obstacles in her life, which befool made her the great historical icon that she is today. She will always be remembered for her courage and bravery that helped make a difference. Sojourner has made many sacrifices in her life that has not only benefited herself, but many others. Sojourner fled from her life of captivity to find a better life for her and her children. She did whatever she could do to free her children and to keep them safe. After gaining her freedom, Sojourner set out to free others who were enslaved all over the country. She realized that this would be a difficult task to accomplish on her own, but she knew that on that point was a higher power that governed us all. She believed and had immovable faith in the almighty graven image. Sojourner knew that without God, she would have never been as fortunate as she has.Sojourner gave a whole new meaning to the phrase, "without no struggle, there is no progress." She has truly demonstrated the validity of this phrase, because she has struggled to accomplish what she felt God wanted her to do, and for this she will always be honored.

Personal Narrative - Rejoice in the Lord Always Essay -- Personal Narr

person-to-person Narrative- The Bible Spoke to MeI sat on my bed. Alone. Lonely. But I wasnt. Everything that everyone had said, left unsaid, was with me. Smothering me. As scenes danced mockingly through my mind, I cried out, Does anyone explosive charge about me? Does anyone care if I come to school or church-would anyone encounter if I just quit? A small, still voice talk in my ear. Something stirred, struggling to be free, but my tormented mind cover it, preferring to drown in self pity. Does anyone listen to me? Does anyone want me? I moaned.As I sank into despair, a book caught my eye. Buried beneath homework, magazines, and litter was my light bedraggled Bible, falling apart from years of use-none of it recent. I dragged it out and opened it to Philippians. Rejoice in...

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In the Scarlet garner by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Pearl gos as the &8220apple of promised land. She is tweak from the hands of god in heaven and sent to the mortal world as a baby &8220to make out its the violent letter&8217s hidden import (155), create Prynne and Dimmesdale to face their consequences. Pearl functions in the story on three levels as a real child, as a continuing symbol of Prynne and Dimmesdale&8217s adultery, and as an allegorical figure sent to torment the sinners and direct their actions. furbish up(prenominal) Dimmesdale can &8220ripen her into the woman she needs to become. Otherwise she will continually serve as a representation of their mistake.Pearl is the rose bush that is turn up outside of the prison door. Although, she brings happiness to Prynne, Pearl is covered with &8220thorns. When Mr. Wilson asks Pearl the hesitation of who made her, Pearl responds &8220that she had not been made at all, but had been plucked by her mother off the bush of wild roses, that grew by the prison-door (95). She is a good child, an &8220infant&8230worthy to have been brought forth in Eden worthy to have been left there, to be the plaything of the angels (75), but she is a &8220born outcast of the infantile world&8230an imp of evil, emblem and crossway of sin (79). Her physical features did not show she is different she has perfect arms and legs and has a native grace with innocent beauty. She is magnificent when she is displayed in her exquisite robes as her natural beauty shown through such that there was a overlap of radiance near her. However, emotionally something is wrong with Pearl. If other children gather around her, she would feel the dislike from the other children, and would snatch up stones to throw at them, while screaming. In the &8220garden of the Puritan society, Pearl is the rose bush, while &8220the ugliest widows weeds of the garden were their Puritans&8217 children, whom Pearl smote down and uprooted, most unmercifully (80 ). Prynne, the adulterous mother, feels the guilt of bringing Pearl into the world and is reluctant to discipline the child, because Pearl is Prynne&8217s &8220sole treasure, whom she had bought so dear, and who was all her world (78).Pearl also represents the living embodiment of the scarlet letter embroidered on Prynne&8217s clothing. She &8220was the scarlet letter in some other form the scarlet letter endowed with life (86).

Food Consumption Among American Teenagers :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Food Consumption Among American Teenagers   American teenagers play out many diametrical types of food. Some teenagers today atomic number 18 starting to pay attention to wellness warnings about what they put into their bodies. Those that do not go out gr work throughly fold how healthy they are later in their lives.   There are so many food choices that can be made throughout each(prenominal) day. Lack of time due to homework, sports phonationicipation, and social lives can hurt healing(predicate) eating. This is not necessary though. So many foods are available to us.   intercommunicate from experience, college students (in their freshman year) can be regulated in a mates of dietary categories. Some teens are stereotypically what one may consider to be normal. These students usually just pick up whatever food is convenient. Teens eat what looks appetizing at the moment that they feel hunger coming on. This new-made portion of the population com pletely disregards all fat, sodium, and calorie content of the materials that they place in their mouths.   There are many foods that the casual consumer will automatically obtain. The main items of consumption intromit sugar-laden colas, candy bars, and chips. Fried foods such as hamburgers and French fries, as well as Mexican foods, are in particular popular treats. Pizza is a large component of this food separate as well.   A second class of eaters lies at the opposite complete from the casual consumer. These students, the health nuts, sport paid attention to what their mothers yield tried to convince their children to eat since childhood. In the long run, these students will be better off than the casual consumers. In their later years, the healthful consumers will have fewer myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) and their arteries will be much slight likely to be clogged. Bagels, fruits, and salad (with little or no oily dressing) are the foods of choice among this healthy bunch.   A third class of teens may include the students who eat a combination of nutritious and unhealthy foods. These teens may eat poorly at one meal and will turn about and eat sensibly at the next. Mood plays a large part in what these students choose to eat.   Because life is so busy for everyone in the 90s, our diets, including those of teenagers, have gone downhill quickly.

Voltaire Exposes the Fallacy of Optimism in Candide Essay -- Optimism

Voltaire was the French author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism (Durant and Durant 724). illustrious as a playwright and essayist, Voltaires Candide is the book where he tries to smear out the f anyacy of Gottfried William von Leibnizs theory of Optimism. He uses satire, and techniques of exaggeration to contrast highlighting the evil and brutality of war and the world in general when work force are meekly accepting of their fate. Leibniz, a German philosopher and mathematician of Voltaires time, developed the head that the world they were living in at that time was the best of all possible worlds. This systematic optimism shown by Leibniz is the philosophical system that believed everything already was for the best, no matter how terrible it seemed. In this satire, Voltaire also used contrast in the personalities of the characters to convey the message that Leibnizs philosophy should not be dealt with any seriousness.Leibniz, sometimes regarded as a Stoic or Fatal ist because his philosophies were based on the idea that everything in the world was determined by fate, theorized that God, having the ability to cull from an infinite number of worlds, chose this world, the best of all possible worlds. Although Voltaire chose that simple gauge of Leibnizs philosophy to satirize, Leibniz meant a little more than just that. Even though his philosophy stated that God chose the best of all possible worlds, he also meant that God, being the perfection he is, chose the best world purchasable to him, unfortunately it was a world containing evil. It seems as though Voltaire wanted to guy Leibnizs philosophy so much that he chose to satirize only the true meaning and fatal acceptance of evil of Leibnizs philosophy.... ...ell. When Candide is reunited with both he realizes that he wasright not to lose hope. In essence, it was Candides optimism that keeps him from a stateof union dejection, maintaining his sanity during troubled times. Candide eventua llyachieves happiness with his friends in their simple, yet full, lives. The books destructionaffirms Voltaires moral that one must work to attain satisfaction. Work helps Candide reduce his tragedies and enables him to live peacefully and in contentment. Themessage of Candide is Dont rationalize, and work Dont utopianize, but improve. Wemust cultivate our own garden, for no one is going to do it for us (Richter 161).Works CitedBottiglia, William. Candides Garden. Voltaire A Collection of Critical Essays. New tee shirt Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1980.

Corporate Governance Mechanisms Essay -- Business Administration

INTRODUCTIONThe relationship between the confessers of a company and those who impress as the company is classified as an agent/principal relationship. In most cases this kind of relationship gives rise to a potential problem called the place problem. This agency problem usually will occur where there is a conflict of interest between the desires of the principal and that of the agent. This is not a high-minded occurrence. It has been predominantly found to occur in companies where the directors are the agent and the shareholders who are the owners of the company is the principal. It is not unusual for managers to sometimes want to pursue their own interests at the expense of the company to whom they fuck off a duty to act in its best interest. Certain decision-taking may not be in the interest of the company for example, excessive risk taking without foresight of the yearn term consequences. Most times the action and inactions of management may have dire consequences on th e company which may in the long control stigmatize a company as an under acting one. Consequently, managers who pursue their own interests or else than that of the company may underperform its duties. The following corporate governance mechanisms faecal matter play a major fictitious character in preventing managers from engaging in activities that lower firm value thereby incentivizing management to perform sensitively. This taste will briefly consider three of those mechanisms that gear management towards excellent performances. Board Composition This is a principal mechanism through which the shareholders lot check managerial performance. If a management team is not performing well, the shareholders could direct the board of directors to fire the incumbent team and replace them with bankrupt perfor... ...eves that it has changed the attitudes and practices of U.S managers, stating that it represents the most effective check on management autonomy constantly devised. An d it is breathing new life into the public corporations. Works Cited Scharfstein David, the Disciplinary role of Takeovers 1988 55 the review of economic studies 185 accessed 27 November 2009 p 185. Julian Franks, Collin Mayer, antipathetical takeovers and the correction of managerial failure 1996 40 Journal of Financial economics 163 accessed 27 November 2009 p163. Ibid

Essay --

PROPOSAL TO CHANGE THE SMOKING insurance policy ON CAMPUSINTRODUCTION Purpose This plan is to correct the campus environs. Non- raftrs does not c atomic number 18 the smell of nicotine so it is their right to have a smoke-free purlieu where they pay tons of thousands of dollars in tuition every year, every semester in many cases. It is designed to encourage better health for everybody.Scope This key out coers up policies on our campus. It also compares the policy with policies from other colleges and schools. There are few ways we can deal with this growing issue and improve atmosphere around us. BACKGROUND General Information Every year, at that place are hundreds of new students admitted to our campus. We are given the student hand check at beginning of the year, which includes school policies. Majority of students do not guide the book or just read it for once. We have to start encouraging students to read the policies about smoking and tobacco usage on and around the un iversity properties. or so of the students do not smoke but the other half race that does come from experience in smoking. They start smoking from high school. interrogation For this issue, I decided to talk to some of the smokers, non-smokers, faculty, and nurses. Most of them had the same cerebration on smoking on campus. I also used meshing to find policies on our campus and other colleges around us. Some of them had very exacting policies on smoking and usage of tobacco around their campuses. When I looked at the smoking policy on our campus, I found that it has not been updated since 2006. It is a long time to overlook an issue of this level.Findings/ IssuesThrough my research, I came over with few ways we can make our campus green. I also came across the issue of cig... ...ial parking spots just for smokers away from the campus buildings. They can smoke there whenever they without jeopardizing other peoples health. Like proposed before, we can put up Smoking Huts one far end of the parking lot.7.We can exhort students using the electronic cigarettes instead of traditional smokes. 8.Like many major(ip) universities across the nation, we can ban smoking altogether on the campus. This proposal is least likely to pass but as a non-smoker, that is the crush way to make our campus environment fresh and clean. CONCLUSIONSpeaking as a non-smoker, this issue is very serious for us. We definitely have to regard smokers choice to smoke but they have to respect ours as well. not many people like the smell or burning nicotine. These proposals surely can help clean our community and provide better environment for future generations.

The Summer Of The Falcon Essay -- essays research papers

The Summer of The Falcon     Every popular unfermented must have an interesting story, suitable conflicts,and a theme. In the story The Summer Of the Falcon, the author Jean CraigheadGeorge parallels the maturation of the main character with the training of abird to fly and take commands. June becomes mature and grows form childhood toadulthood, In the end of the story, June is not a child anymore. Neither isthe falcon. It has full grown and has decided to live independently, withoutany of Junes support.     The main theme of the unused is maturity, freedom and realizing the cycleof nature. Of these three, maturity is the most important. When the storybegins, June is just a gnomish child, and she hates to do any housework. Forexample, she dislikes dressing up, cooking, and other chores. We burn down verify thatin P.19"June was still rebellious, "Why cant woman be trainedto do something else? Beds and dishes are so horriblydull. "But finally, by training the falcon, we can see the comparison between June andZander(the falcon). First Zander is just a little pet for June. With thetraining by June, and the mistakes that he fall into the river, he grows maturedhas been well trained. At the same time, June also has been trained by her begin and, watching the things happen to Zander, June becomes mature too. Shehelped her mother by carrying suitcases and boxes and walked carefully up thestairs to her room,...

Comparing the poems Neutral Tones and Absence Essay -- English Literat

Comparing the poems Neutral Tones and Absence some(prenominal) the poems Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy and Absence byElizabeth Jennings mention and describe the poets feelings to a greater extent or lesslosing their partners. Even though the general theme, the loss oflove, is the same, many features such as bank none, imagery, language andrhyme scheme differ from each other.Hardy emphasises more than on his feelings towards his break up. He doesnt truly mention how he feels, solely instead, the imagery he uses andthe track he describes his ex-girlfriend shows that he feels broken andangry. The regulate in this poem is very solemn and dull, though it isquite weapons-grade in some areas like The smile on your mouth was thedeadest matter and your face, and the God-curst sun grayish leaves.Hardy also got more vigorous and foiled towards the end of thepoem. In Jenningss poem, the tone is much different. Unlike Hardy,she describes her surround and loneliness, not how her partnerlo oks like. Jenningss poem builds up from a calm tone to an sloshedone. The freshman stanza of Absence describes her surroundings, thesecond, how she is alone and in the third, how her loneliness affectsher. The last stanza is the fiercest, much more vigorous compared tothe first stanza. For under all the gentleness there came anseism tremor The second stanza of her poem is like the balancebetween the first and last stanza. This stanza links her cheerfulimages to her exasperation. Singing an ecstasy I could not share,played cunning in my thoughts Jenningss poem is also more factualas she talks more about the scenery around her - The fountainssprayed their usual stunner jet. The tone in this poem is steady, andher anger builds gradual... ...e landscape, colours, andfacial features to take away his heart brokenness. I liked the way Hardychose an aggravated tone for his poem and how he has developed ittowards the end to describe his girlfriends face. From his poem, Icould actually f eel Hardys devastation because he even brought in thebitter position of nature to enhance his feelings. Hardy also had adramatic terminus where he used the alliteration wrings with wrongs. Ialso liked the way Hardy had combined all his anger and problems andmerged them into his ex-girlfriends face. I value Hardy wassuccessful in using imagery by describing the surroundings in thebeginning of the poem and concluding with the surroundings as well.Hardys excerption of language was also appropriate to describe hisemotions. All in all, I think Hardy was very successful in using lustrousimagery to portray his feelings.

DBS - DIRECTV and DISH Network :: essays papers

DBS - DIRECTV and DISH Network Remember when Cable TV came into the picture and began bullying around the network stations for totally their dejeuner money? Well watch out Cable because you might astonish a little taste of your own Medicine from a knock- down pat(p)(a) extra terrestrial,... satellite that is. A multi-channel alternative to argument television cognize as Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) is now available in theUnited States of America and boy is it ready to rock. DBS provides picture perfect courses length-like television computer programing directly from satellite dishes approximately 18 inches in diameter. Millions of households now indorse to DBS services resulting in what appears to have the cable industry wondering whats going to happen. Cable was introduced in the late 1940s in the boone docks of dada when its original name was known as CATV, or Comunity antenna TV. During this time there were only a few stations and in order to even recieve any picture, a TV set had to be in the vacintaty of antenna where a signal could be recieved. Anyone with a TV who lived to far from the antenna would be crap out of luck. Finally an thingmajig store owner named toilette Walson hooked up an antenna to a nearby mountain where he recieved a signal from the cities transitter and wired it down to his store for a good picture. When his clients witnessed that good picture could be brought to their area, John Walsons TV sales went up drastically. From then on cable started multiplying like horny GREMLINS and GOONIES. In the past cables primary(prenominal) purpose was to bring network stations to the rural areas. Today cable is capable of carrying hundreds of channels and is the leading source in TV computer programing with over 60 million subscribers and tons of diverse programming. Before it was all networks like ABC, NBC, CBS, and FOX that could be seen on TV. They led the way for a while until cable came along. Today with hel p from satellites, 24 hour sports(ESPN) and movie(HBO) programming is availible in most cable packages and that was the main reason why cable became so popular. Its been over 50 years of success for cable, simply with the turn of the century coming, what kind of future does cable have with these unseasoned media technologies on the rise?

Greenspan - The Case For The Defence :: essays research papers

My fascination with the Judicial System grammatical construction of todays hunting lodge was furthered and strengthened after reading and analyzing the works of Edward Greenspan.This superbly create verbally lifetime recollecting past cases and important events in Greenspans life allowed myself, the commentator, to learn much some Jurisprudence and the Criminal Code. The entire casebook revolves some salwaysal primary(prenominal) themes including the balance of Positive & Natural influences in the courtroom, whether a uprightnessyers consience intervenes with his handicraft as a counsellor, and the alarming rate of perjury occuring in summit of the juries. To be more concise and clear to the point, Greenspans book is a diary of debatable and beneficial issues which have hovered around our criminal courts and will inhabit to encrust and pester them for years to come. By observing and understanding original issues presented in his book, I was able to comprehend what t ype of person Greenspan is, what he believes in, what he represents and what he would do for his profession.The wheels of Jurisprudence atomic number 18 always turning, and I came to fetch how Greenspan worked and bargained for his status in the country to be solidified. This book in any case flourished with advanced situations pertaining to the most diversified of criminal charges, to the most uncanny regions of law ever dealt. It was this thorough look at Greenspans life which impressed this indorser the most.It was quite clear that after the fourth page, I came upon the conclusion that this casebook would realize a most influential reaction to any whizz who had displayed any invade towards our honor system in general. Part One of the novel, No smallish Clients, presents the reader with the authors proposed thesis. His ambition is to defend frank people accused of crimes. Whether they are innocent or guilty without being proven guilty is hostile to Mr. Greenspan. A la wyers consience must not be his deciding factor when advising or counselor-at-law a client. This viewpoint is elaborated in Part two (Not higher up The Fray) and explained frivolously by Greenspan himself. Throughout the entire novel, the theme air embolism and curves itself around different and unavoidable situations, but retains its original meaning that no one is guilty until proven so. Greenspan refers to this phrase countless times and explains to the reader that he will not allow his moral beliefs to conlfict with the path of judge (delicately and persuasively explained by both Greenspand and the co-author, George Jonas in Parts Four, Five and sextuplet of the novel).Greenspan - The boldness For The Defence essays research papers My fascination with the Judicial System Structure of todays society was furthered and strengthened after reading and analyzing the works of Edward Greenspan.This superbly written biography recollecting past cases and important events in Gree nspans life allowed myself, the reader, to learn more about Jurisprudence and the Criminal Code. The entire casebook revolves around some(prenominal) main themes including the balance of Positive & Natural influences in the courtroom, whether a lawyers consience intervenes with his duty as a counsellor, and the alarming rate of perjury occuring in front of the juries. To be more concise and clear to the point, Greenspans book is a diary of controversial and beneficial issues which have hovered around our criminal courts and will continue to plague and pester them for years to come. By observing and understanding certain issues presented in his book, I was able to comprehend what type of person Greenspan is, what he believes in, what he represents and what he would do for his profession.The wheels of Jurisprudence are always turning, and I came to realise how Greenspan worked and bargained for his status in the country to be solidified. This book also flourished with innovative situ ations pertaining to the most diversified of criminal charges, to the most uncanny regions of law ever dealt. It was this thorough look at Greenspans life which impressed this reviewer the most.It was quite clear that after the fourth page, I came upon the conclusion that this casebook would create a most influential reaction to anyone who had displayed any interest towards our Law system in general. Part One of the novel, No Little Clients, presents the reader with the authors proposed thesis. His ambition is to defend innocent people accused of crimes. Whether they are innocent or guilty without being proven guilty is irrelevant to Mr. Greenspan. A lawyers consience must not be his deciding factor when advising or counselling a client. This viewpoint is elaborated in Part Two (Not Above The Fray) and explained frivolously by Greenspan himself. Throughout the entire novel, the theme bends and curves itself around different and unavoidable situations, but retains its original meanin g that no one is guilty until proven so. Greenspan refers to this phrase countless times and explains to the reader that he will not allow his moral beliefs to conlfict with the path of justice (delicately and persuasively explained by both Greenspand and the co-author, George Jonas in Parts Four, Five and Six of the novel).

Software in the Land of Smiles (a study of software piracy in Thailand)

Software in the Land of Smiles (a study of software piracy in Thai tear)1.Overview Walk down the street in Thailand and amongst the many trinket vendors, you allow for find one that has catalog of software titles. The same catalogs can besides be found at the major shopping malls at numerous retailers. Flip through the catalogs, choose your software titles, and pay around US$3. A runner will go retrieve your titles and, in about(predicate) 5-10 minutes, you will have your new software. This is only a glimpse of the multi-million clam world of software piracy and how accessible it has become in the land of smiles, Thailand. Software piracy is the use of software without a license from the secure holder. There are several forms of piracy ranging from sharing personal copies of programs to tummy distribution and selling of those programs. Thailand, by far, has a problem with the latter. The International happy Property Alliance (IIPA) first identified Thailand as one of the sc ourge pirate countries in 1985. From 1985 to present, Thailand has been frequently on and off of the IIPA priority honor list for its piracy and lack of enforcement. Thailand made great strides in 1995 when it passed a new Copyright bill which expressly include software. Trade negotiations and change magnitude attention were the catalyst for some of the notable piracy crackdowns. However, piracy is shut away a major issue in Thailand today.The United States Trade deterrent example (USTR) recently initiated Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations with Thailand in February 2004. The FTA would increase the physique of US exports to Thailand and allow those exports to enter the country duty free. The IIPA has expressed forethought over the FTA negotiations, citing probl... ...echnewsworld.com/perl/story/32110.html8 BSA, Eight Annual Global Piracy Study, 2003,http//global.bsa.org/globalstudy/2003_GSPS.pdf9 Richard mill/Ricardo Reyes, USTR Notifies Congress of Intent to Initiate F ree Trade Agreement Negotiations with Thailand, 2003,http//www.ustr.gov/releases/2004/02/04-10.pdf10 Cornell law of nature school, Berne Convention, Paris text, 1971,http//www.law.cornell.edu/treaties/berne/overview.html11 World Trade Organization, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 1994,http//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm12 CNET Asia staff, Dell joins budget PC stir up in Thailand, 2003,http//news.com.com/2100-1003-1023306.html13 Jo Best, Is counterfeiting resulting in Microsoft price cuts?, 2004http//www.silicon.com/software/os/0,39024651,39118856,00.htm

Essay --

Marivic D. ToledoEng2 X-1RLRP (Final draft)Landfilling The Philippines Next Method of Waste ReductionThe world, reaching the borderline of vulnerability, suffers from small to large capacity of calamities caused by either natural or human activities. From North to South, the melting of glaciers causing sea level rise, and from atomic number 99 to West, the extreme and strenuous heat of the sun withering soils and root crops steer to intense scarcity - all eventually become the first and world-class factor to human suffering and misery. Philippines, a developing country, suffers approximately in this predicament together with the belonging nations, informally called as Third realness countries. However, these calamities are not done generally by those of the developed countries alone. each nations Ameri cigarette, Asian, African or whatever nationality contributes to the worsening Global warming that is before long experienced worldwide making the citizenry all liable and p rudent for any undue instances and effects accompanying it. Generally, there are varied factors that affect and cause this environmental phenomenon. One of these is substantive waste. Solid wastes are waste materials and residue which are either made of plastics, woods, metals and the like which eventually, as of to date, continuously increases. Due to increasing solid waste, improper implementation of solid waste segregation, and ineffective usage of numbers of sanitary landfills in the Philippines, extemporization and implementation of sanitary landfills and developmental programs should be imposed by the topical anaesthetic Government Units nationwide for maintenance and execution of proper waste segregation. With these, the problem on solid waste wariness can be minimized.Basically, landfill is a me... ...e problems but did not become effective enough to maximize its ripe use because of the different problems encountered upon implementation. But by following proper techn iques and strategies, these problems can be addressed. All people have their own respective responsibilities which they are required to live by. Depending on one organization or a certain group of people is not even the key in minimizing the countrys waste problems. Together with responsible leaders, it requires respectable fraternity and cooperation of every citizen in doing necessary measures on waste reduction. Actions are already made, only that it should be improved and properly implemented to maximize its full use. All of these when done with unity and perseverance will be the most powerful and effective tool in minimizing solid waste management problems and achieving a better - healthier life.